Third world countries, Nigeria in particular have become a dumping ground for end-of-use technologies and equipment from the developed world. Although the country is oil rich, it suffers from energy deprivation with erratic power/ fuel supply. The country relies on exports of its resources for foreign exchange thereby depriving local businesses the raw materials required for industrial development. Kaduna is an emerging city undergoing rapid urbanization. Degradable and combustible solid wastes, metal scraps and plastics can be separated at source and use as raw materials for local industries. The current strategy and infrastructure for solid waste management are grossly inadequate. The challenge therefore is to develop a sustainable strategy for optimized energy generation and resource recovery from the deprived slums to the affluent districts of the metropolis. This paper reviewed challenges of current strategies and proposed an integrated sustainable solid waste approach for the city. The community based approach emphasizes separation of waste at source and involved the use of anaerobic digestion and incineration for energy generation with the residues used as soil fertilizer. Central to the proposed strategy is the recycling market and the informal waste collectors. The informal sector can move up the waste hierarchy and optimize the value of end-of-waste resources while the recycling market is the place to recover value from various waste products. The strategy encourages integration and will eliminate the need for waste contractors, landfills or waste dumps.
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The Evolution of Value Chains and Recycling Opportunities in the Informal Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
1. The Evolution of Value Chains and
Recycling Opportunities in the Informal
Management of Municipal Solid Waste of
Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
By
Abdullahi Yusuf Rigasa -KASU, Nigeria
Badamasi, Abdul Gambo – Kadpoly, Nigeria
Abdulkarim, Bala Isah - UniAbuja, Nigeria
2. Outline
• Background
• Aim and objectives
• Methodology
• Kaduna metropolis
• The informal sector
• Waste Management Services in Kaduna Metropolis
• Solid waste Value chains – the evolutionary trend
• Solid Waste Value Chain Management - Proposed
Strategy
• Conclusion and Recommendation
3. Kaduna Metropolis – background
• Location: 100 31" 23' N; 70 26" 25‘ E
• Population: 760, 084
• Area: 3, 080 Km2
• Local Governments: 23
• The people: multi-ethnic/multi-religious
• Environmental Assets: Human diversity n
Heritage, Biodiversity, arable soil, rivers n lakes,
beautiful landscapes etc
• Environmental challenges: urbanization, waste
management, pollution, loss of soil fertility n
communal conflicts, public health n sanitation etc
4. Kaduna metropolis – facts n figures
Kaduna is an evolving city
Rapid urbanization
Waste contractors have no technical
background in WMS
N 110 million/monthly on WMS
Inadequate waste management (WM)
infrastructure
No formal policy on sustainable WM
The need for Sustainability in WM
Waste could be a resource
5. Kaduna Metropolis, the current strategy
• Waste collected by contractors or the
informal sector
• 49 waste contractors as @ 2011
• Collection by contractors is free
• Informal sector abound but charge a fee
• Waste dumps too far
• Illegal waste dumps used for disposal
• Resource recovery by informal sector
• Little cost/resource recovery activities
6. Categories of Informal sector in
Kaduna Metropolis
• Door-to-door waste collectors (barrow
boys)
• Street waste pickers (women, almajiri)
• Itinerant waste buyers (collect sorted
wasted for cash or barter)
• Scavengers – recover end-of-waste
resources for recycling
9. Solid waste Value chains – the evolutionary
trend
Plastics
• Status - Currently active
• Value chain actors: street sweepers,
scavengers → middlemen/ converters →
plastic manufacturers
• Price/ value is demand driven
• Current prices
N20/ kg for lowden
N40/kg for Highden (US$1=N155)
11. Solid waste Value chains – the
evolutionary trend
Scrap metal
• Status – currently active
• Value chain actors – scavengers, itinerant buyers
→middlemen/ converters→ steel rolling mills
• Price is quality, quantity and demand driven
N20/kg for iron/steel
N600/kg for copper
N100/kg for aluminium
N150/kg for lead
14. Solid waste Value chains – the
evolutionary trend
Organic matter
• Status – passive
• Value chain actors - value-pickers/ scavengers,
compost plant operators and waste contractors
• Value chain Components – food waste, green
waste and Biowaste
• No value
• No price
15. Dynamics of solid waste value chains in Kaduna metropolis
Iron & Steel
Lead
METALS
Ingots
Sheets
Billets
Brass
Copper
Aluminium
LDPE
PET
PVC
Co-mingled
waste
Sorted
Waste
NON METALS
Plastics
PP
Pelletized raw mats
PS
HDPE
Food waste
ORGANIC
Waste stream
Value addition (sorting/ partial processing)
Green waste
Bio-waste
ion )
dit ring
ad u
Waste resources alue fact
V anu
(M
Biogas
Compost
Waste products
16. Conclusions and Recommendations
• Plastics, scrap metals and organic waste are
potential viable value chains in Kaduna
• Plastics and scrap metals are currently
active while organic waste is inactive
• Government intervention is critical in
stability of plastics and scrap metals
• Anaerobic digesters and composting plants
are required for activation of the organic
waste value chain