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Firstaid
- 2. Content Page • Introduction (First Aid) • Wounds • Bleedings • Fractures • Burns • Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation • Shock • Asthma Attack
- 3. Introduction (First Aid) • What is First Aid? • Aims of First Aid • The ABC of Life • First Aid Priority • 4 stages of consciousness • Examination Techniques
- 4. What is First Aid? • Initial help given to a casualty before the arrival of professionals
- 5. Aims of First Aid • To preserve life • To promote recovery • To prevent others injuries
- 6. The ABC of Life • Airway- Check the airways are open and clear, no obstructions • Breathing- Look and see that the chest is rising and falling. Sound of breathing • Circulation- Check for pulse
- 7. First Aid Priority • Safety • Consciousness • Pulse & Respiration • Bleeding • Fractures • Poisoning • Shock • Disposal of casualty
- 8. 4 stages of consciousness • Fully Conscious • Drowsiness • Stupor • Coma
- 9. Examination Techniques • Hands- Check nails and palms for anaemia • Pulse- Check the rate, rhythm & volume • Blood pressure- Hypotension is low, hypotension is high • Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth • Neck- check not broken or bruised • Chest- Lungs and heart
- 10. • Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth • Neck- check not broken or bruised • Chest- Lungs and heart • Abdomen- Liver, spleen, kidneys • Limps- Look, feel, move
- 11. Wounds • Incised wound • Laceration • Abrasion(Graze) • Contusion(Bruise) • Puncture wound • Gunshot wound • Treatments
- 12. Incised wound • Straight Cut • Profuse bleeding • Caused by blade/ broken glass
- 13. Laceration • Rough tear by crushing on ripping forces • Bleed less profusely than incised wound • Often contaminated by germs
- 14. Abrasion(Graze) • Caused by sliding fall of friction burn • Superficial wound
- 15. Contusion(Bruise) • Blunt blow • Caused by hammer etc.
- 16. Puncture wound • Caused by nail and needle • Small site of entry deep track of internal damage • Risk of infection is high
- 17. Gunshot wound • Caused by bullet
- 18. Treatments • Remove any clothing from around the wound • Clean the skin round the wound and irrigate the wound to remove any dirt • Cover it with a clean dressing
- 19. Dressing When applying sterile dressing… • Remove the wrapping • Unfold the dressing pad, holding the bandage on each side of the pad. Put the pad directly on the wound.
- 20. • Wind the short end of the bandage once around the limb and the dressing to secure the pad, leaving the tail hanging free • To secure the bandage, tie the ends in a reef knot, tied over the pad to exert firm pressure on the wound • Check the circulation to the extremity of the injured limb
- 21. Bleedings • Arterial bleeding • Venous bleeding • Capillary bleeding • Treatment for bleeding • Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
- 22. Arterial bleeding • Bright red • Spurts out • Under high pressure • Richly oxgenated
- 23. Venous bleeding • Dark red • Gushing out • Under lesser pressure than arterial bleeding • Given up its oxygen
- 24. Capillary bleeding • Red in colour • Oozing out
- 25. Treatment for bleeding – Severe wounds • Apply direct pressure to the wound in order to stop the flow of the blood • Apply sterile dressing with firm pressure to control the bleeding • If there is no fracture, try to raise the limb that has been wounded & support it
- 26. and symptoms of internal blee • Pale, clammy skin • Rapid and weak pulse • Rapid, shallow breathing • Tenderness in abdomen • Any pain of discomfort • Nausea and/or vomiting • Shock
- 27. Fractures • What is a fracture? • Types of fractures • Signs • Treatment
- 28. What is a fracture? • A closed, or simple, fracture is where the broken bone ends remain beneath the skin, whereas an open, or compound, fracture is where both ends of the bone protrude through the skin
- 29. Types of fractures • Simple fracture • Compound fracture • Complicated fracture ( includes organs) • Neck fracture • Skull fracture • Fractured ribs • Greenstick Fracture(happen to small children )
- 30. Signs • Swelling • Deformity or projecting bone ends • Severe pain, made worse by movement • Bruised • Tenderness
- 31. Treatment • Do not try to force the bones back together again but seek medical assistance • Treat all open wounds with a clean dressing • Splint the fractured area in exactly the position that you find it in, pending removal to hospital or the arrival of expert medical aid
- 32. • If the arm is fracture, splint it, and then set up a sling if the arm can be moved across the chest. • Do not move the victim at all if you suspect a spinal injury
- 33. Burns • - Type of burn • First degree • Second degree • Third degree
- 34. First degree • Top layer of skin • Skin turns red and then peels off • Treatment: Rehydrating creams, Cool water at regular intervals
- 35. Second degree • Deeper damage to the skin, causing blisters. Shock. • Treatment: Use antibacterial dressing, or leave wound undressed but kept scrupulously clean.
- 36. Third degree • Damage to all layers of skin • Treatment: Requires specialist treatment
- 37. Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation • What is CPR? • Steps of CPR
- 38. What is CPR? • Used when the patient has stopped breathing and when there is no pulse • Only be performed by someone who has had training in this method
- 39. Steps of CPR • Tilt victim’s head backwards in order to open the airway • Pinch the victim’s nose with thumb and forefinger • Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly over the victim’s mouth and blow air from yours into their mouth
- 40. • Stop blowing when the victim’s chest is expanded • Lift your hand from the victim and watch for the chest to fall. Give the victim further quick breaths, taking a deep breath yourself between each one.
- 41. • Carry on blowing into the victim’s lungs at a rate of 12 breaths per minute until the victim begins to breathe on his or her own. • You can stop blowing at this stage.
- 42. Shock • What is shock? • Signs • Treatment
- 43. What is shock? • Rapid lowering of blood pressure owing to lack of circulating volume to vital body organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys.
- 44. Signs • Weak and giddy • Nausea/ may vomit • Thirst • Rapid shallow breathing • Weak Pulse
- 45. Treatment • Lay casualty down • Reassure the casualty • Raise and support the leg • Loosen tight clothing • Keep casualty warm • Check and record the casualty’s breathing, pulse, level of response
- 46. Asthma attack – Treatment • Reassure and calm casualty • Find a position that the person finds comfortable • Tell him/her to try taking slow, deep breaths • Help to find the reliever(Blue)
- 47. • Allow casualty to use it and it will take effect within minutes • If attack eases within 5-10 minutes, encourage him/her to take another dose and breathe slowly and deeply • Tell casualty to inform doctor if attack is very severe or first attack
- 48. End of presentation!! Hope you have learnt more about First Aid !!!