2.  Brackets are the most important elements of orthodontic appliance …or in
simple words “it’s the tool that holds the wire”
 They are classified according to there size: large, mini, and ultramini.
 Base: maybe straight or curved
 Width: maybe narrow , medium, or wide
 Or they maybe single or twin according to the technique used.

3. A historical overview:
 The first attempt to scientifically move a tooth was
made in 1728 by a French dentist , Pierre
Fauchard. He used an arch-shaped metal band with
holes drilled in preselected sites. This arrangement
gave only tipping control, in one dimension, and
soon proved inadequate for controlling rotations.

4. ”Father of Orthodontics”

5.  In 1860 Norman Kingsely introduced occipital
anchorage, and then he published the “Treatise on
oral deformities as a branch of mechanical surgery.
In which he defended dental extractions for some
orthodontic cases, which was a controversial issue at
that time.
Angel considered Kingsely the
“greatest mastermind of orthodontics”

6. EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE
 For the first third of this past century, orthodontics
found itself dominated by one man, Edward H.
Angle. Known as the father of modern orthodontics

7.  In the 20th century ,Edward Angle devised the first
simple classification system for malocclusions, and he
introduced Edgewise appliance.
 In 1910 angle developed the pin and tube
appliance, it had gold and platinum bands and
attachments for most teeth.

8.  But this appliance had many disadvantages, it was
difficult to handle, to ensure that the force passed in
the right direction through the roots of the teeth, the
pins and tubes were assembled parallel to the long
axis of the teeth and to each other, and to keep the
appliance activated , it was necessary to keep
changing the positions of the pins during treatment..
Plus it was not possible to obtain control of rotation
with this appliance.

9.  Angle stated that the ideal appliance would be the
one that could provide light and continuous forces in
the desired directions and according to that he then
developed the ribbon appliance …which included a
delicate metal device welded to the bands. This
device was called a “bracket” by Angle.
Ribbon
arch

10.  Therefore, the edgewise bracket did not suddenly spring full-grown from Angle's
fertile mind, but slowly evolved with several iterations
 Angle's many iterations of the edgewise bracket:

11.  The Edgewise Appliance, on which modern orthodontics appliances are
based, has identical brackets for all teeth, and tooth movement was
accomplished by adding bends to rectangular arch wires , which were held
in the bracket slot using metal ligatures.
 The first brackets were made of gold, because of the softness of the gold
they tended to lose their shape easily due to the forces generated by the
occlusion and the ligature.

12.  Edgewise appliance allowed movement of teeth in
all directions…however rotation was still difficult
to accomplish.
 Note: The Edgewise appliance was developed for
treatment without extractions. This appliance
supplied the needs of that time.
 Adward Angle died on August 11/1930 ….”I
finished my work as perfect as it was possible to do it”

13.  Angle's influence continued until a student of his, Charles H.
Tweed, had enough courage and objectivity to challenge
Angle's non-extraction scheme.
 He used the edgewise appliance , besides making extraction
of teeth acceptable for orthodontic correction, he introduced
the idea of anchorage as an important part of treatment.

14.  In 1955, Levern Merrifield, one of Tweed’s most
brilliant students, introduced improvements to
Edgewise Appliance, making it easier to work with.

15.  Paul Begg reviewed Angle’s views on diagnosis and then he
embraced the concept of tooth extraction. He started using
round arch wires in his treatments .
 He launched the Begg technique with angle ribbon appliance
as a basses, but with the slot oriented to the gingival ( vertical
slot)

16.  In 1970, Lawrence Andrews, in attempt to eliminate the need
for archwire bends, he developed the Straight-Wire
Appliance.
 The concept behind this appliance was that the brackets would
move the teeth in the desired direction.

17.  Andrews designed a bracket system that had in its prescription angulation ,
inclination and in-out (Built-in features)

18.  Note: The Straight-Wire appliance was initially developed for
cases without extractions. However, it also started to be used
for extraction cases, by incorporating the concepts of
angulation, torque, and first order bend in to the brackets.
(first generation )

19. Roth: Straight-Wire Technique
 Straight-Wire Appliance became widely accepted and
one of the orthodontists who collaborated in its evolution
was Ronald Roth.
“ If you are not part of the solution,
you are probably part of the problem.”

20.  Roth tried to avoid the difficulties and he recommended the
use of a single appliance system that consisted of minimum
number of brackets for both extraction and non extraction
cases. This system became the “second generation”

21. Brackets Material:
The bracket material must be:
 Hygienic, nontoxic
 Resistant to corrosion
 It must resist forces applied to it by the wire.
 Esthetic
 Not absorb water
 Not be discolored by oral liquids
 Have minimal bracket-wire friction

22. TYPES OF BRACKETS:
Metal brackets: SS brackets
 Most brackets currently used are made of austenitic stainless
steel containing 18% chrome and 8% nickel
 SS brackets have most of the basic characteristics expected
from a bracket.
 It is resistant to all kinds of corrosion, hygienic, and economical.

23. However it has 2 important
disadvantages :
 Not esthetic
 May release nickel and chrome into the oral environment.
 Therefore, various alternative material have recently been
developed to eliminate the esthetic problems , including
ceramics, plastic, and composite materials.

24. PLASTIC BRACKETS:

25. PLASTIC BRACKETS:
 Initially made of polycarbonate and plastic molding
powder (Plexiglas)
These brackets did not last long because of their:
 Discoloration
 Fragility
 Breakage under stress
 Also, much of the energy in the wire was expended in distorting
the brackets because of the poor integrity of the arch wire slot
and therefore forces were not transmitted to the tooth.

26. They improved & reinforced plastic brackets
by introducing :
 Precision- made stainless steel slot inserts
( TO MINIMIZE FRICTION)
 Ceramic fillers
Ceramic-reinforced plastic brackets are suitable for clinical use
because of there color stability , have lower friction, and have the
structural integrity to transmit orthodontic forces without distorting.

27. CERAMIC BRACKETS:
 They are the esthetic
alternative to plastic brackets.
 Made of monocrystalline and polycrystalline ceramic material.

28. Advantges:
 excellent color fidelity
 stain resistance
 biocompatible
 Hardness

29. Disadvantages:
 Fracture tendencies ( during torsional and tipping movements)
 Causes abrasion of opposing teeth
 They damage the enamel during the debonding procedure.

30.  A new design of the ceramic bracket is borrowed from the
design of the metal reinforced plastic brackets…in which a
metal slot is incorporated in ceramic bracket.
 To reduce friction between bracket and wire.
 Another feature of this appliance is the ease of debonding via
a vertical scribe line placed in the base of the bracket.

31. Surface modification of the brackets using photo
catalytic titanium oxide:
 Orthodontic brackets coated with photocatalytic
titanium oxide showed an antiadherent effect
against L acidophilus compared with uncoated
brackets.
 The bacterial mass that was bound to the TiO(2)-
coated brackets was less when compared with the
uncoated brackets. Furthermore, TiO(2)-coated
brackets had a bactericidal effect on L acidophilus,
which causes dental caries.

32. Surface Modification of Orthodontic Bracket Models via
Ion Implantation: Effect on Coefficients of Friction
 In an effort to reduce the unwanted effects of
friction, ion implantation of bracket models was
accomplished (with nitrogen ,carbon and other
materials)
 And it enhanced surface characteristics of the
brackets and reduced the friction between the
bracket and the wire.

33. Frictional and mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon-coated
orthodontic brackets
 This study investigated the effects of a diamond-like
carbon (DLC) coating on frictional and mechanical
properties of orthodontic brackets. DLC films were
deposited on stainless steel brackets using the
plasma-based ion implantation/deposition (PBIID)
 conclusion, the surfaces of metal brackets can be
successfully modified by the PBIIB…therefore the
DLC-coating process significantly reduces frictional
forces.

34. THANK YOU!

35. REF:
 Orthodontic contemprory (proffit)
 Moyers
 PUBMED