Historical background on the women throughout history and examples of some of the most effective women in the history of Pharmacy.

1. The role of women in the
history of pharmacy
Made by group 5

2. The modern gender symbols
 The two standard gender symbols denoting male ♂ and
female ♀ are derived from astrological symbols,
denoting the classical planets Mars and Venus,
respectively.
 These symbols have been in use since the renaissance.

3. The original ancient female symbol
 The pagan female symbol is called The Chalice.
 It resembles a cup or a vessel, but more importantly, it
resembles the shape of a woman’s womb.
 That’s why the ancients believed the female was sacred
and holy, because she was able to create something
from nothing, she was able to create life.

4. The Sacred Feminine
 Thus, the woman was regarded sacred in all ancient
civilization, and was worshipped as a Goddess.
 For example, Ishtar in Babylon, Isis in Egypt and Venus in
Greece.
 The woman was regarded as holy until the medieval
age.

5. The dark ages
 In the medieval age, the church took control and
wanted to give God a masculine image, and thus
worked on demonizing all what’s female.
 They claimed woman was the reason behind mankind’s
misery because Eve ate the apple in Heaven, and thus
called women the root of evil.
 They regarded the pentagram the symbol of scared
feminine in Pagan culture as the symbol of Satan.

6. Malleus Malifcarum
 Known in English as The Hammer of the witches, is a
book released by the church, known is the bloodiest
book in history.
 This book regarded all women who read or researched
as witches and described ways to kill and torture them.

7. The Renaissance Age
 Starting from the renaissance age, the woman began to
make impact in all life aspects.
 Whenever the society was developed, women were
respected (Ancinet civilizations, modern Europe).
 Whenever society was backward, women were
disrespected (Meideval Europe, Modern Middle East,
and almost any religious country).
 Today we will take about a part of what women
contributed to us, in the field of Pharmacy.

8. (1)Jean Kennedy Irvine

9. (1)Jean Kennedy Irvine
 Jean Kennedy was born in Hawick in 1877.
 Her first post was as assistant pharmacist to the Glasgow
Apothecaries Company. She subsequently became
chief pharmacist.
 In 1916, she was appointed superintendent of the Joint
Committee for Pricing Prescriptions, South-Eastern
Division, and remained there for more than 30 years .

10. (1)Jean Kennedy Irvine
 She was the first woman president of the staff side of the
Whitley Council for the National Insurance
administrative, technical and clerical services.
 She was also the first woman elected to the presidency
of the Insurance Committee Officers Association for
England and Wales.

11. (1)Jean Kennedy Irvine
 She was elected to the Society's council in 1937, only the
third woman to have achieved this. She became its first
woman President in 1947. She retired in 1952.
 Mrs Irvine was also President of NAWP, She died in 1962,
aged 85.

12. (2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke

13. (2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke
 Dr.Gloria Niemeyer Frankce was born on 28th of April
1922.
 A native of Dillsboro, Indiana, Gloria Niemeyer earned
her B.S. degree in Pharmacy from Purdue University in
1942 and her Pharm.D in 1971 from the University of
Cincinnati.
 She then served as a drug literature specialist at the
National Library of Medicine (1965–1967.

14. (2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke
 She then served as a clinical pharmacy teaching
coordinator for the Veterans Administration Hospital in
Cincinnati (1967–1971).
 She then Served as secretary of the American Institute of
the History of Pharmacy (1968–1978).
 She also served and as Chief of the program evaluation
branch in the Alcohol and Drug Dependence Service,
Veterans Administration (1971–1975).

15. (2)Gloria Niemeyer Francke
 She served as a member of the APhA Foundation
Advisory Committee. The society's Gloria Niemeyer
Francke Leadership Mentor Award is named for her.
 She died on the 3rd of August 2008.

16. (3)Elizabeth Marshall
 She was born in 1786.
 The second U.S. woman to be a pharmacist ,Elizabeth
Marshall began her pharmacy career as an apprentice
in a drugstore founded by her grandfather

17. (3)Elizabeth Marshall
 In 1805 she took over the drugstore and restored the
struggling business into a successful pharmaceutical
laboratory, becoming the first woman in Philadelphia to
have a successful commercial career.
 In fact, several of Philadelphia’s most famous
pharmacists began their careers working as apprentices
under her guidance and leadership.
 She died in 1836.

18. (4)Mary Munson Runge

19. (4)Mary Munson Runge
 Mary Munson Runge was born on 1928.
 She graduated from Xavier university of Louisiana in
1948.
 She practiced pharmacy for 21 years and retired in 1994.

20. (4)Mary Munson Runge
 She was the first woman and African American to serve
as the president of the American pharmacist Association
(APhA) in 1979.
 A few of her many acheivements include recipient of
The Hugo H. Schaefer Award, honorary doctor of
science degree and honorary Doctor of Pharmacy
degree.
 she passed away on 8 Jan, 2014.

21. (5)Katherine Kay Keating

22. (5)Katherine Kay Keating
 Katherine Kay Keating was born on 8 Feb, 1922.
 After the world war II, she returned to collage to earn her
pharmacy degree.
 She enlisted in the Navy in 1942 and was among the first
women inducted into the WAVES.

23. (5)Katherine Kay Keating
 Keating transferred to the Navy’s Medical Service Corps
to become the Navy’s first woman pharmacist and was
assigned to head up the Navy’s pharmacist technicians’
school.
 She served during three wars, becoming the first woman
to rise from the rank of seaman to captain.

24. (6)Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf
 She was born in 1681.
 She was recognized as the first female pharmacist in
America.
 Elizabeth Greenleaf is listed among the 32 apothecaries
in New England during the late 1600s and early 1700s.

25. (6)Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf
 She owned an apothecary shop in Boston in 1727.
 She was the wife of Daniel Greenleaf, a minister,
physician and an apothecary.
 She dies in 1762.

26. (7)Nellie Wakeman
 She was born in 1883.
 In 1913, Nellie Wakeman received a Ph.D. in
pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of
Wisconsin, thus becoming the first woman to receive a
Ph.D. in a pharmacy discipline.

27. (7)Nellie Wakeman
 She continued at the university as a faculty member
from 1913 until her retirement in 1946.
 She was an activist who encouraged women to pursue
graduate education.
 She died in 1952.

28. (8)Edna Capurra Gleason
 She was born in 1886.
 Edna Gleason was the first female pharmacist elected
president of the California Pharmaceutical Association.
 She was active in the National Association of Retail
Druggists.

29. (8)Edna Capurra Gleason
 She became a leader, both in California and nationally,
in the fight for fair trade pricing.
 As the owner of a community pharmacy, she promoted
patient-oriented practice.
 She died in 1963.

30. (9)Zada Mary Cooper

31. (9)Zada Mary Cooper
 She was born on the 31st of January in 1875.
 Zada Mary Cooper was the daughter of James and
Janetta Cooper. She graduated from the State
University of Iowa in 1897.
 After graduation she became a Professor of Pharmacy
at the State University, serving a total of 45 years before
her retirement in 1942.

32. (9)Zada Mary Cooper
 During her time at the university, she organized and
developed the first departmental library in the college of
pharmacy.
 She also taught pharmaceutical arithmetic and
laboratory courses, was the first editor of the College of
Pharmacy News.

33. (9)Zada Mary Cooper
 Also she was the first woman to become president of
Rho Chi (national honorary pharmaceutical society),
and wrote a history of the State University of Iowa
College of Pharmacy in 1947.
 After her retirement she made her home in Villisca, Iowa,
with her brother, Dr. J. Clark Cooper.

34. (9)Zada Mary Cooper
 Zada was a resident of Villisca when she died at an
Omaha hospital at the age of 86 years.
 She died on the 6th of May, in 1961.

35. (10)Ella P.Stewart

36. (10) Ella P.Stewart
 She was born in 1893.
 Ella P. Stewart may have been the first African American
woman pharmacist to practice with a license.
 She was the first African American woman to graduate
from Pittsburgh University’s College of Pharmacy.

37. (10)Ella P.Stewart
 Years later, after earning her license and buying a
drugstore in Pittsburgh, she moved with her husband,
who was also a pharmacist, to Toledo, Ohio, where they
opened a pharmacy that would serve as a community
center for African Americans.

38. (10)Ella P.Stewart
 Stewart became a civic leader and was a member of
the first group of inductees into the Ohio Women’s Hall
of Fame.
 She died in 1987.

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