psicholinguistic or sosiolinguistic, baca we lah :v

1. Tu and Vous
Solidarity and Politeness

2. Tu and Vous
• Many languages have a distinction
corresponding to the tu-vous (T/V) distinction
in French, where grammatically there is you’tu
(T) and ‘plural you’vous (V). The T form is
sometimes described as the ‘familiar’ form
and the V form as the ‘polite’one.
• Other languages with a similar T/V distinction
are Latin (tu/vous), Russian (ty/vy), Italian
(tu/Lei), German (du/sie), Swedish (du/nj),
abd Greek (esi/esis).

3. • A book published in France entitled Savoir-wreen
France (Vigner, 1978) gives the following advice
to foreigners on the current use of tu and vous
there.
• ‘Tu’ should be used between brothers & sisters
regardless age, parents & children, between close
relatives, betwen young people living or working
closely together or between adults who have a
relationship.
• ‘Vous’ should be used between strangers,
between those who have no ties any kind and
between inferior & superior.

4. Address Terms
• Address term is the normal term for a person
to whom someone else (the speaker) speaks
or ‘addresses’ an utterance.
• (TFL/FN) indicated inequality in power, that
mutual TLN indicated inequality &
unfamiliarity and that mutual FN indicated
equality & familiarity. Other opinion is title
alone (T) e.g. Prof, Doctor indicated the least
intimate form of address or last name alone
(LN).

5. Politeness
• Polite form is a form used to show deference
to an addressee.
• The concept of ‘politeness’ owes a great deal
to Goffman’s original work (1967) on “face”.
Brown & Levinsion define ‘face’ as ‘the public
self-image that every member wants to claim
for himself. They also distinguish between
“positive face & negative face”.

6. Positive & Negative Face
• Positive face leads to moves to achieve
solidarity through offers of friendship, the use
of compliments & informal language use: we
treat others as friends and allies.
• Negative face leads to deference, apologizing,
indirectness and formality in language use: we
adopt a variety of avoidance strategies.

7. Politeness in Javaness
• Levels in Javanese:
Krama inggil (high style, high honorofics)
Krama madya (high style, no honorofics)
Krama biasa (middle style, no honorofics)
Ngoko sae (low style, high honorofics)
Ngoko madya (lw style, low honorofics)
Ngoko biasa (low style, no honorofics)
• Honorofics is pronoun, form of verb, etc, used in
expressing respect for someone, e.g. Of higher
social status.