1. SPORTS
News

2. Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis: it is process in which
cells make proteins
Transcription: process where DNA
molecule is used to form mRNA (10)
A part of the protein synthesis is
transcription. Transcription is important
because what happens in this process is
that a strand of RNA connects to a
strand of DNA and makes a copy to
copy a portion of the DNA. These copies
are mRNA are introns but are later
edited to be exons which are what is (© 24)
used to form proteins

3. Translation
Translation: the process where mRNA is used
by ribosomes in the synthesis of a protein (10)
Translation is when the mRNA, which was
formed in the transcription phase, is used as
the messenger that combines with an enzyme.
After doing so they are complete and make an
rRNA. At this time the cell is ready to
interpret the genetic code which then makes a
certain pattern of amino acids. (10) In the
(©26) translation process there are many types of
RNA involved. One of which is tRNA which
transfers amino acids. Both translation and
transcription are apart of protein synthesis.

4. Passive Transport Systems
Diffusion: a natural phenomenon caused by the
tendency of small particles to spread out evenly
within any given space. As molecules bounce
around against each other in a solution,
they tend to spread out and diffuse. (10)
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During diffusion molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration. So, this means that diffusion occurs down a
concentration gradient, which is a measurable difference in concentration
from one area to another. When molecules are allowed to cross a membrane
they are permeable and when they can’t cross a membrane they are
impermeable. The reason it is a passive system because the energy for
transport through a membrane does not come from the membrane but from
the collisions of the molecules in the solution. The molecules will continue
this until equilibrium is reached. (10)

5. Dialysis and Osmosis
Dialysis is the diffusion of only small solute particles through a selectively
permeable membrane. It results in in separation of large and small solutes.
Solutes are the particles dissolved in a solvent. Ex: a dialysis bag is placed in
water with glucose and albumin in it. The glucose and water molecules are
small enough to pass through the membrane or bag in this case. (10)
Osmosis is the random movement of
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particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration of water molecules, through a partially permeable membrane.
This allows for equal amounts on each side of the membrane thus creating
equilibrium. (10)

6. Facilitated Diffusion and Filtration
Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion
of particles through a membrane
by means of carrier molecules. The
©22 carrier molecule attracts the solute
molecule to a binding site where it changes shape and then is
released on the other side of the membrane.
Filtration is the movement of molecules from an area of high
hydrostatic to an area of low hydrostatic pressure, down a
hydrostatic pressure gradient. Hydrostatic pressure is the force,
or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface.