1. Organelles to sell
(10) Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) synthesis; a cell’s
“power plant.” (10) Ribosomes are attached to
(10) Bags of digestive en- the rough ER and they synthe-
zymes break down worn cell size proteins that leave the cell
parts and ingested particles; a via the Golgi apparatus.
cell’s “digestive system.”
(10) Contain enzymes that de-
(10) Houses genetic code, which
toxify harmful substances.
dictates protein synthesis.
Therefore it plays an essential
role in other cell activities.
(10) Serves as the bounda-
ry of the cell, controls sub-
stances coming in and out
of the cell, protein mole-
cules are embedded in the
membrane and perform
specific functions.
(10) Synthesizes carbohydrate,
combines it with protein, and
packages the product as glob- (10) Formation
ules of glycoprotein. of ribosomes.
(10) Hairlike cell extensions
that move substances over the
cell surface. (10) Site of protein syn-
(10) Synthesizes lipids thesis, “protein facto-
incorporated in cell
membrane, steroid
hormones, and certain
carbohydrates used to
form glycoproteins.
© (12)

2. The Cell Membrane
A typical cell has several kinds of membranes. The outer boundary of a cell is called the plas-
ma membrane. The plasma membrane keeps all the other structures inside the cell. There are
protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane that perform various functions such as
acting as identifying markers for each individual cell. They also act as receptor molecules for
certain protein molecules and these proteins in the plasma membrane act as transport mole-
cules.
Each cell also contains different kinds of membranous organelles. They are made of the same
membrane material as the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is very, very thin:
0.0000003 inches thick! It is made of lipids, proteins and other molecules.
Sources
(10) Textbook page 75©
©(13)

3. Lipids and Nucleic acids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA- Nucleotides (Sugar, phos- The nucleotide in DNA con-
phate, base ) , Helps code he- sists of a sugar
reditary information like chro- (deoxyribose), one of four
mosomes bases (cytosine (C), thy-
mine (T), adenine (A), gua-
nine (G)), and a phosphate.
RNA- Nucleotides (Sugar, phos- Cytosine and thymine are
phate, base) Helps decode he- pyrimidine bases, while ad-
reditary information like mes- enine and guanine are pu-
rine bases. The sugar and
the base together are called
a nucleoside.
LIPIDS
Triglycerides- Glycerol plus 3 makes up cell membranes, plas- Prostaglandins- 20 carbon unsatu-
fatty acids, make up the cell ma membrane of cell rated fatty acid containing 50car-
membranes, body fat bon rings. Regulate hormone ac-
Steroids- Steroid nucleus
tion: Enhance immune system
Phospholipids- Glycerol plus (4carbon-ring), make up cell
affect the inflammatory response.
phosphate plus 2 fatty acids, membranes, Cholesterol.
Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol (a type of alcohol
with a hydroxyl group on each of its three carbons) and three fatty acids joined
by dehydration synthesis. Since there are three fatty acids attached, these are
known as triglycerides. “Bread” and pastries from a “bread factory” often con-
tain mono- and diglycerides as “dough conditioners.” Can you figure out what
these molecules would look like? The main distinction between fats and oils is
whether they’re solid or liquid at room temperature, and this, as we’ll soon see,
is based on differences in the structures of the fatty acids they contain.

4. © (14)
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, also known as carbs, are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
atoms. They are a source of energy for living organisms.
Fun Fact: theoretically people do not need to eat carbohydrates to live (15).
Carbs are mainly sugars and starches and can be found in many common foods.
They are broken down in our body to make energy, but the process is very slow.
One of the ways carbohydrates are broken down is by Dehydration of the sugars.
The other way is through Hydrolysis, which is where water is added to break down
the carbs (10). You can find carbohydrates in wheat, potatoes, corn and other foods.
Carbohydrates come in different sized molecules, called saccharides. The sizes are
distinguished using prefixes: mono-, di-, tri- poly-
“Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose
Disaccharides: sucrose = glucose + fructose, lactose = glucose + galactose
Trisaccharides
Polysaccharides: glycogen, chitin” (17).

5. Complexity Simple- Complex-
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
monosaccharides disaccharides, oligo-
saccharides
Size Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose
C4 sugars C5 sugars C6 sugars C7 sugars
C=O Function Aldose Ketose
sugars having an sugars having a ke-
aldehyde function or tone function or an
an acetal equivalent. acetal equivalent.
© (16)
Proteins
A protein is a long chain of amino acids; the bond that holds the amino acids together is the
peptide bond. The bond that holds two amino acid chains together is called a hydrogen bond.
“Any small change in this complex structure will destroy the function of the protein (10).
Primary structure: chain of amino acids.
Secondary structure: multiple chains held together by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure: single protein molecule
Quaternary structure: multiple protein molecules
Proteins are vitals in cells. Genes contain the information on how to form cells. This is ex-
tremely important because If one-amino-acid change in one of the proteins in hemoglobin
causes sickle-cell anemia” (10).
Hemoglobin is a protein iron that contains red blood
cells and amino acids (19).

6. Inorganic Molecules
Northwest ISD
Inorganic Molecules are not
50% OFF very complex and are usually
found in nonliving things. An ex-
ample is a diamond because it
contains just carbon and not hy-
drogen. Oxygen and carbon diox-
ide are two major inorganic sub-
stances. They are important be-
cause they deal with respiration
and without respiration we
wouldn’t be living.
Gatlin.Inc
Tel: 555 555 5555

7. Inorganic Molecules
Northwest ISD
Some other examples of inorganic These two combined are important be-
substances are acids, bases, and cause without these two combined
salts (10). Acids are what cause a make a salt.
hydrogen ion when added to a so- Salts form when you combine an
lution. Acids are important for the acid and a base and remove the water.
body because releases a hydrogen When you remove the water the ions
ion into a solution and causes the crystalize forming salt. Examples of
pH to lower. A pH scale is what inorganic salts important to body func-
measures how acidic or basic a tions would be Sodium chloride, Cal-
substance is. This scale goes from cium chloride, Magnesium chloride,
0-14, 0 being the most acidic and Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride,
14 being the most basic. Sodium sulfate, Calcium carbonate,
Bases do the opposite of an at- and Calcium phosphate (10).
om. When bases are added it re-
leases a hydroxide ion into solu-
tion and causes the pH level to go
up.