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14 cv mil_the_pinhole_camera
1.
Computer vision: models,
learning and inference Chapter 14 The pinhole camera Please send errata to s.prince@cs.ucl.ac.uk
2.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 2
3.
Motivation Sparse stereo reconstruction Compute
the depth at a set of sparse matching points Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 3
4.
Pinhole camera Real camera
image Instead model impossible but more is inverted convenient virtual image Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 4
5.
Pinhole camera terminology
Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 5
6.
Normalized Camera By similar
triangles: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 6
7.
Focal length parameters Computer
vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 7
8.
Focal length parameters Can
model both • the effect of the distance to the focal plane • the density of the receptors with a single focal length parameter In practice, the receptors may not be square: So use different focal length parameter for x and y dirns Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 8
9.
Offset parameters • Current
model assumes that pixel (0,0) is where the principal ray strikes the image plane (i.e. the center) • Model offset to center Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 9
10.
Skew parameter • Finally,
add skew parameter • Accounts for image plane being not exactly perpendicular to the principal ray Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 10
11.
Position and orientation
of camera • Position w=(u,v,w)T of point in the world is generally not expressed in the frame of reference of the camera. • Transform using 3D transformation or Point in frame of Point in frame of reference of camera reference of world Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 11
12.
Complete pinhole camera
model • Intrinsic parameters (stored as intrinsic matrix) • Extrinsic parameters Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 12
13.
Complete pinhole camera
model For short: Add noise – uncertainty in localizing feature in image Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 13
14.
Radial distortion Computer vision:
models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 14
15.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 15
16.
Problem 1: Learning
extrinsic parameters (exterior orientation) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 16
17.
Problem 2 –
Learning intrinsic parameters (calibration) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 17
18.
Calibration • Use 3D
target with known 3D points Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 18
19.
Problem 3 –
Inferring 3D points (triangulation / reconstruction) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 19
20.
Solving the problems •
None of these problems can be solved in closed form • Can apply non-linear optimization to find best solution but slow and prone to local minima • Solution – convert to a new representation (homogeoneous coordinates) where we can solve in closed form. • Caution! We are not solving the true problem – finding global minimum of wrong problem. But can use as starting point for non-linear optimization of true problem Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 20
21.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 21
22.
Homogeneous coordinates Convert 2D
coordinate to 3D To convert back Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 22
23.
Geometric interpretation of homogeneous
coordinates Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 23
24.
Pinhole camera in
homogeneous coordinates Camera model: In homogeneous coordinates: (linear!) Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 24
25.
Pinhole camera in
homogeneous coordinates Writing out these three equations Eliminate to retrieve original equations Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 25
26.
Adding in extrinsic
parameters Or for short: Or even shorter: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 26
27.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 27
28.
Problem 1: Learning
extrinsic parameters (exterior orientation) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 28
29.
Exterior orientation Start with
camera equation in homogeneous coordinates Pre-multiply both sides by inverse of camera calibration matrix Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 29
30.
Exterior orientation Start with
camera equation in homogeneous coordinates Pre-multiply both sides by inverse of camera calibration matrix Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 30
31.
Exterior orientation The third
equation gives us an expression for Substitute back into first two lines Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 31
32.
Exterior orientation Linear equation
– two equations per point – form system of equations Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 32
33.
Exterior orientation Minimum direction
problem of the form , Find minimum of subject to . To solve, compute the SVD and then set to the last column of . Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 33
34.
Exterior orientation Now we
extract the values of and from . Problem: the scale is arbitrary and the rows and columns of the rotation matrix may not be orthogonal. Solution: compute SVD and then choose . Use the ratio between the rotation matrix before and after to rescale Use these estimates for start of non-linear optimisation. Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 34
35.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 35
36.
Problem 2 –
Learning intrinsic parameters (calibration) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 36
37.
Calibration One approach (not
very efficient) is to alternately • Optimize extrinsic parameters for fixed intrinsic • Optimize intrinsic parameters for fixed extrinsic Then use non-linear optimization. Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 37
38.
Intrinsic parameters Maximum likelihood
approach This is a least squares problem. Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 38
39.
Intrinsic parameters The function
is linear w.r.t. intrinsic parameters. Can be written in form Now solve least squares problem Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 39
40.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 40
41.
Problem 3 –
Inferring 3D points (triangulation / reconstruction) Use maximum likelihood: Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 41
42.
Reconstruction Write jth pinhole
camera in homogeneous coordinates: Pre-multiply with inverse of intrinsic matrix Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 42
43.
Reconstruction Last equations gives Substitute
back into first two equations Re-arranging get two linear equations for [u,v,w] Solve using >1 cameras and then use non-linear optimization Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 43
44.
Structure •
Pinhole camera model • Three geometric problems • Homogeneous coordinates • Solving the problems – Exterior orientation problem – Camera calibration – 3D reconstruction • Applications Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 44
45.
Depth from structured
light Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 45
46.
Depth from structured
light Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 46
47.
Depth from structured
light Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 47
48.
Shape from silhouette Computer
vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 48
49.
Shape from silhouette Computer
vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 49
50.
Shape from silhouette Computer
vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 50
51.
Conclusion • Pinhole camera
model is a non-linear function who takes points in 3D world and finds where they map to in image • Parameterized by intrinsic and extrinsic matrices • Difficult to estimate intrinsic/extrinsic/depth because non-linear • Use homogeneous coordinates where we can get closed from solutions (initial solns only) Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince 51
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