29. In a computer, a file system (sometimes written file
system) is the way in which files are named and
where they are placed logically for storage and
retrieval.
The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-
based operating systems all have file systems in
which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical
(tree) structure.
A file is placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or
subdirectory at the desired place in the tree
structure.
30. There are essentially three different file systems
available in Windows XP: FAT16, short for File
Allocation Table, FAT32, and NTFS, short for NT File
System.
FAT16
FAT32
NTFS
31. The FAT16 file system was introduced way back
with MS–DOS in 1981, and it's showing its age.
File allocation table that uses 16 bits for
addressing clusters.
Commonly used with DOS and Windows 95
systems.
A 16-bit DOS and Windows file system (see FAT)
that varies cluster sizes based on hard drive size.
Cluster sizes range from 4K (for drives up to
127MB), to 4K (255MB drives), 8K (511MB drives),
16K (1GB drives). and 32K (for drives up to 2GB).
The ultimate capacity of a FAT16 partition is 2GB.
32. A version of the file allocation table(FAT) available in
Window 95 OSR 2 and Window 98.
FAT32 increases the number of bits used to address
clusters and also reduces the size of each cluster.
The result is that it can support larger disks (up to 2
terabytes) and better storage efficiency (less slack space).
Advantages of FAT32
FAT32 supports disk partitions as large as two terabytes.
FAT16 supports partitions up to only 2GB.
FAT32 wastes much less disk space on large partitions,
since the minimum cluster size remains a mere 4KB for
partitions under 8GB.
33. New Technology File System (NTFS) is a file system
that was introduced by Microsoft in 1993 with
Windows NT 3.1. NTFS supports hard drive sizes up
to 256TB.NTFS is the primary file system used in
Microsoft's Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows
XP, Windows 2000 and Windows NT operating
systems. The Windows Server line of operating
systems also primarily use NTFS.
34. Computer Management is a collection of Windows
administrative tools that you can use to manage a
local or remote computer.
The tools are organized into a single
console, which makes it easy to view
administrative properties and to gain access to the
tools that are necessary to perform your computer-
management tasks.
35. The administrative tools in Computer Management
are grouped into the following three categories in the
console tree:
System Tools
Storage
Services and Applications
37. Disk Management is an extension of the Microsoft
Management Console that allows full management of the
disk-based hardware recognized by Windows.
Disk Management is used to manage the drives installed
in a computer –
• Like hard disk drives (internal and external),
• optical disk drives,
• and f lash drives.
Disk Management can be used to partition drives, format
drives, assign drive letters, and much more.
38. Create partitions, logical drives, and volumes.
Delete partitions, logical drives, and volumes.
Format partitions and volumes.
Mark partitions as active.
Assign or modify drive letters for hard disk volumes, removable disk
drives, and CD-ROM drives.
Obtain a quick visual overview of the properties of all disks and
volumes in the system.
Create mounted drives on systems using the NTFS file system.
Convert basic disks to dynamic disks.
Convert dynamic to basic disks, although this is a destructive
operation.
On dynamic disks, create a number of specialty volumes including
spanned, striped, mirrored, and RAID-5 volumes.
40. File compression is commonly used when sending a
file from one computer to another over a connection
that has limited bandwidth.
The compression basically makes the file smaller
and, therefore, the sending of the file is faster.
Of course, when compressing a file and sending it
to another computer that computer has to have a
program that will decompress the file so it can be
returned to "normal" and used.
41. RAR (.rar file) - A proprietary format second only to .zip
on Windows systems. WinRAR is a popular program to
use although free unarchivers exist.
WinAce (.ace file) - A format often used for CD/DVD
images. The WinACE program is not free but free
dearchivers exist for older versions of the format and the
commercial version has a free trial period.
Zip (.zip file) - Probably the single most popular archive
format out there. Many programs support this archive
type (both free and commercial).
7-Zip (.7z file)
GNU Zip (.gz file)
43. Disk defragmentation describes the process of
consolidating fragmented files on your computer's
hard disk.
Fragmentation happens to a hard disk over time as you
save, change, or delete files.
The changes that you save to a file are often stored at a
location on the hard disk that's different from the
original file.
Additional changes are saved to even more locations.
Over time, both the file and the hard disk itself
become fragmented, and your computer slows down as
it has to look in many different places to open a file.
44. Disk Defragmenter is a tool that rearranges the
data on your hard disk and reunites fragmented
files so your computer can run more efficiently.
In this version of Windows, Disk Defragmenter
runs on a schedule so you don't have to remember
to run it, although you can still run it manually or
change the schedule it uses.
45. A section in Microsoft Windows that enables a
user to modify the computer's settings.
Changing the mouse settings, display settings,
sound settings, and Keyboard settings are just a
few of the examples of what can be modified in the
Control Panel.
Below is an example of what the Microsoft
Windows Control Panel may look like.