2. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area – for
beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-
groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle
3. What Is Rainwater Harvesting?
RWH technology consists of simple systems to collect, convey,
and store rainwater. Rainwater capture is accomplished
primarily from roof-top, surface runoff, and other surfaces.
RWH either captures stored rainwater for direct use (irrigation,
production, washing, drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into
the local ground water and is call artificial recharge.
In many cases, RWH systems are used in conjunction with
Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction
of RWH collected rainwater to the groundwater / aquifer
through various structures in excess of what would naturally
infiltrate then recovered for use
.ppt (3)
4. Why Rainwater Harvesting?
Conserve and supplement existing water resources
Available for capture and storage in most global
locations
Potentially provide improved quality of water
Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a
supplemental supply source.
Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and
beneficially use it
Commitment as a corporate citizen - showcasing
environmental concerns
Public Mandate (India)
Replenishing local ground water aquifers where l owering
of water tables has occured
.ppt (4)
5. Why Not RWH?
Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world
Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that
sometimes are hard to predict
Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily
increases complexities in cost, design, operation,
maintenance, size and regulatory permitting
Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of
storm water runoff
Collected water quality might be affected by external factors
Collection systems require monitoring and continuous
maintenance and improvement to maintain desired water
quality characteristics for water end-use
Certain areas will have high initial capital cost with low ROI
.ppt (5)
6. Condensation
Let’s take a look at
Precipitation The Water Cycle
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation
Infiltration
Surface Runoff
Grou Consumption Surface Water
n dw
ater
Sea water intrusion .ppt (6)
7. Condensation
Rainfall Definitions
Intensity – Quantity per time of
Precipitation the rainfall event (mm/hour)
Duration – period of time for the
precipitation event
Average Annual and Monthly
Precipitation – Average rainfall
over one year period and
monthly intervals and usually
based on 30 or more years of
Consumption
data
Grou
ndw
ater
Surface Water
.ppt (7)
8. Rain Water as Source Water
Design Considerations
1
2
Typical Diagram Recomendation
4
3
5
6
Raw water
tank or
Aquifer
7
1 Roof 4 Pre-filter
2 Screen 5 Storage tank
3 Discharge of water 6 Flow meter
7 Storm water discharge
.ppt (8)
9. Ground Water Recharge
Under natural conditions it may take days to centuries to recharge ground water
by rain water. As we need to replenish the pumped water, Artificial Recharge of
Ground water is required at some locations. .ppt (9)
10. Appropriate Water conservation
and groundwater
Technology recharge techniques
Water harvesting
cum supplementary
irrigation techniques
in Jhabua
11. Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment
area into storage. Generally they are only considered in areas where
rainwater is very scarce and other sources of water are not available.
They are more suited to small communities than individual families. If
properly designed, ground catchment systems can collect large
quantities of rainwater.
.ppt (11)
12. Storage
• Storage devices may be either above or below ground
• Different types include
Storage Tanks
Water Containers
Lagoons or Lined Ponds
Infiltration Ponds
Size based on rainfall pattern, demand, budget and area
.ppt (12)
13. Percolation Pit
To divert rainwater into an
aquifer,
The percolation pit is covered
with a perforated concrete slab
The pit is filled with gravel/
pebbles followed by river sand
for better percolation.
The top layer of sand must be
cleaned and replaced at least
once in two years to remove
settled silt for improving the
percolation
.ppt (13)
14. RWH – Methodologies
• Roof Rain Water Harvesting
• Land based Rain Water Harvesting
• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
• For Urban & Industrial Environment –
• Roof & Land based RWH
• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
15. Recharge Wells
The runoff water from rooftops or
other catchments can be
channelized into an existing /new
well via sand filter to filter
turbidity and other pollutants
Abandoned wells can also be used
Cost-effective process, which not
only conserves rainwater for
immediate use but also helps to
enhance the local ground water
situation
.ppt (15)
16. Quality Issues
Roofs contain: bird droppings, atmospheric dust, industrial and
urban air pollution
.ppt (16)
17. Operational Procedures and Design Considerations
• Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and
algae formation
• Corrosion resistant materials
• Tank in protected shaded area – lower temperature
• For multiple storage tanks – design for frequent
turnover
• Regional wind direction and industrial activity – Lead,
Mercury, other heavy metals
.ppt (17)
18. RAIN W ATER HARVESTING FOR OFFICES – Developing a GREEN BUILDING in
Nairobi, Kenya
RAIN WATER ACCUMULATION IN LIEU OF STORM WATER ATTENUATION POND
GREEN ROOF
GREEN ROOF
MANICURED
LAWN GARDEN
POROUS PARKING
OZONATION
FILTRATION OVERFLOW
BACKUP MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
Co nc e p t & De s ig n Princ ip le s GROUND WATER
REPLENISHING
WELLS
.ppt (18)
19. PRINCIPLES OF A GREEN BUILDING - WATER
SYSTEM OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GREY WATER ARE
COMBINED TO ACHIEVE THE FOLLOWING:
• 25% OF POTABLE WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION
• 100% OF POTABLE WATER PROVIDED BY RAIN
• 50% REDUCTION OF SEWER QUANTITIES
.ppt (19)
Notes de l'éditeur
Narration: T he hydrologic or water cycle is the continuous flow of water between reservoirs at or near the earth’s surface. As water falls to the ground as precipitation, it may develop as surface runoff into nearby surface waters or infiltrate into the ground and become stored as groundwater. Water stored in open areas, know as surface water, can evaporate into the atmosphere. In addition, water used by plants for normal growth or transpiration is also returned to the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere water can condense into clouds and precipitate as rain or snowfall, initiating the cycle over again. Water is a renewable resource that, managed properly, can sustain the activities in the watershed for an indefinite period of time. Animation: shows water cycle
Narration: T he hydrologic or water cycle is the continuous flow of water between reservoirs at or near the earth’s surface. As water falls to the ground as precipitation, it may develop as surface runoff into nearby surface waters or infiltrate into the ground and become stored as groundwater. Water stored in open areas, know as surface water, can evaporate into the atmosphere. In addition, water used by plants for normal growth or transpiration is also returned to the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere water can condense into clouds and precipitate as rain or snowfall, initiating the cycle over again. Water is a renewable resource that, managed properly, can sustain the activities in the watershed for an indefinite period of time. Animation: shows water cycle
The collection device usually represents the biggest capital investment of an RWH system. It therefore requires careful design- to provide optimal storage capacity while keeping the cost as low as possible. While above-ground structures like tanks are easily purchased or made with a variety of designs, and water extraction is in many cases by gravity; they also are expensive, require more space and are prone to attack from the weather. Below-ground structures like cisterns, lagoons etc. are generally cheaper due to lower material requirements and unobtrusive. However, water extraction often requires a pump, contamination is more common, and present a potential danger to children and small animals if left uncovered.
Whenever the depth of clay soil is more, recharge through a percolation pit with bore is preferable. This bore can be at the centre of the pit, which is filled with pebbles. The top portion is filled with river sand. The pit itself is covered with a perforated concrete slab. If the area is prone to flooding, it is advisable to provide an air vent to the percolation pit to avoid air locking. Roof water and surface water from buildings can be diverted to percolation pits. It is advisable to have at least one percolation pit in every house with open area for every 20 square metres.
Existing structures such as defunct bore wells, unused/dried up open wells, unused sumps, etc. can be very well used for RWH through this technology of recharge wells instead of constructing recharge structures to reduce the total cost