1. Presented By:
Nikhil Bhatia
Nitesh Kasana
Navneet Garg
Nitin Shivani 1

2. 2

3. Why it Needs Attention
• Annual worldwide illegal drug sales are greater than the gross
domestic product of 88% of the countries in the world.
• 5% of world's adult population have taken an illicit drug at
least once in 2010.
• Around 2 lakh people die every year because of illegal drug
overdose.
3

4. Flow Of Presentation
• What is a drug and Types.
• Brief History.
• Worldwide picture.
• Indian Scenario.
• Analysis of Industry and Users.
• Social And Economic Impact.
• Steps to Tackle the problem.
• Survey Report.
• Future Trends
4

5. What is a drug?
• A drug is a substance which when taken by a living body may have positive
effects such as diagnosis , cure, prevention of a disease or cause negative
effects to central nervous system that leads to it’s addiction.
5

6. Types of drugs
• Natural drugs
These are those drugs that are
derived from nature such as drugs in
plant form that are not human made.
Examples of natural drugs are
cannabis, opium, coca products,
cocaine, morphine etc.
• Chemical drugs
These are those drugs which involves
chemical substance in it. These are
man made drugs.
Examples of chemical drugs are
amphetamine, ecstasy, LSD,
benzodiazepines, heroin
,hallucinogen etc.
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7. Brief history of drugs
Cannabis
A drug derived from a family of plants that includes hemp.
It was first originated around 6000 B.C. in China when cannabis seeds were
used as food in China.
Opium
It is a drug derived from the dried juice of unripe pods of the opium
poppy.
The first known cultivation of opium poppies was
in Mesopotamia, approximately 3400 BCE. In India around 1000 B.C.
opium was cultivated.
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8. Brief history of drugs
Cocaine
It is a drug derived from coca leaves. The drug was first originated
around 3000 B.C. by the Incan empire of Peru.
Nicotine
It is a psychoactive constituent of tobacco.
It was first used by the Europeans in the 16th century when French
ambassador in Portugal sent tobacco and seeds from Brazil to Paris in
1560.
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9. Brief history of drugs
Morphine
In 1803, morphine is isolated from opium poppies by 20 year old
German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Adam.
Heroine
In 1898 Bayer company introduced heroin as a substitute for weaning
addicts of morphine but it also appeared to be as addictive as
morphine
Amphetamines
It is a group of drug that stimulate central nervous system. It was first
synthesized in 1887 in Germany.
9

10. Ecstasy
Ecstasy, "E" or "X" are the street names for MDMA, or (get ready for a long
one)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
MDMA was first synthesized by a chemist looking for substances to stop
bleeding in 1912. No one paid the compound much mind for the next half-
decade, but by the 1970s, MDMA had hit the streets.
LSD
It was first synthesized in 1938 in Basel, Switzerland by Albert Hoffman. LSD was
popularized in the 1960’s in U.S. when American students were encouraged to tune
on, tune in and drop out. This created a counterculture of drug abuse in U.S. which
was spread to U.K. and the rest of Europe.
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11. Current Scenario
11

12. Present State
• Illicit Drug Use – stable over five years
– 3.4 - 6.6% of the world adult population.
– 10-13 % of drug users have drug dependence and/or drug-use disorders .
– prevalence of HIV (20 per cent), hepatitis B (14.6 per cent) and hepatitis C
(46.7 per cent) among injecting drug users continues to add to the global
burden of disease .
– approximately 1 in every 100 deaths among adults is attributed to illicit drug
use.
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13. Shift in the Patterns
• Opium
– declined usage over the last century.
– Global opium production levels increased until 2000, and remained
basically stable thereafter.
• Cocaine
– Global production of cocaine increased sharply in the 1980s and the
1990s and has only stabilized over the past decade.
• Cannabis
– continues to be the world’s most widespread illicit drug.
– usage is still increasing in many developing countries.
13

14. Major Drug Producing Nations
• Afghanistan
– Grew 93% of opium poppy in the world in 2007.
– Export value of this harvest - $4 billion; more than a third of the country's combined
GDP.
• Colombia
– World's #1 cocaine supplier, also a major supplier of heroin and precursor chemicals.
• Burma
– World's 2nd largest producer of opium poppy.
• Bolivia
– 3rd largest producer of cocaine in the world, accounting for an estimated 127
tons.
– It is legal to grow up to 29,652 acres of coca leaf for traditional uses.
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15. Use and Dependence
15

16. Major Transit Hubs
• Cocaine
– The Bahamas, Brazil, Dominican Republic,
Guatemala, Mexico, Nigeria
• Heroine
– Dominican Republic, India, Ecuador, Nigeria,
• Marijuana
– Bolivia, Haiti, India, Jamaica
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17. Major Trafficking Routes
• Caribbean & Mexican Routes
– Cocaine shipments from South America transported
through Mexico or Central America are moved to
sites in northern Mexico. Smaller loads are then
smuggled across the U.S.–Mexico border.
– Primary cocaine importation points - Arizona,
southern California, southern Florida, and Texas.
• Chilean route
– Primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since
the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. While the
price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and
Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe,
especially Spain.
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18. Trafficking Routes
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19. 19

20. Estimated Economic Cost to Society
Due to Substance Abuse and Addiction
• Illicit Drugs: $181 bn/year
• Alcohol: $185 bn/year
• Tobacco: $193 bn/year
____________________________________
Total: $559 bn/year
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21. Indian Perspective
According to a 2004 United Nations Office on
Drug and Crime (UNODC) and Govt. of India
report, India alone has nearly 9 million
cannabis users, followed by 2 million opiate
users and 0.3 million sedative hypnotics users.
21

22. Historical Profile of Intoxicant Usage in India
When all
British restrictions
attempted were Injecting
to lifted, it drug users
Brought to popularize had (IDU)
India by its use to increased became
the Arab increase to 2,555 increasingl
traders revenue. tons. y prevalent
Babar(1524 China India
-1530) imported became
encourage 15 tons of the only
d poppy opium supplier of
cultivation from licit opium
India, incre for the
asing to 75 world’s
tons by requireme
1773 nts.
22

23. Present Scenario
• India ranks second to Afghanistan in production of licit opium.
• In 1999 an estimated 300 metric tons of licit opium was diverted to the black
market, converted into heroin ‘brown sugar’ and sold.
• Since the early 1980s use of opium derivatives like heroin has been wide
spread in the major metropolitan cities of India like New Delhi, Kolkata,
Chennai and Mumbai etc.
• During the 1990s injecting pharmaceuticals, in particular buprenorphine took
an epidemic proportion and often used as an alternative among heroin users.
• Nearly 32% of heroin seized in India has its origins in Afghanistan or Pakistan.
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24. Contributing States of India
• Licit Opium poppy is grown in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh
(Mansaur), Rajasthan (Kota, Jodhpur,etc.) and Uttar Pradesh (Gazipur).
• Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and
Arunachal Pradesh have been found to be indulging in illegal growing of
opium poppies.
• A purer variety known as ‘white sugar’ is available in the states of Manipur,
Nagaland and Mizoram, which are closest to the source of heroin.
• In Manipur, heroin has been sold since 1973 and its use has become
widespread.
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25. Trafficking routes of India
• Strategically located between Southwest Asia (the Golden Crescent) and Southeast Asia (the
Golden Triangle), the two main sources of illicit opium.
• The country's geographic location makes it an attractive transshipment area for heroin bound
for Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia and North America.
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26. • Smuggling of heroin into India from Afghanistan via Pakistan continues to
increase.
• Licit and illicit manufactured opiate/psychotropic pharmaceuticals are
often diverted in small quantities to the U.S. as illegal "personal use"
shipments.
• There is also evidence that opium is grown illicitly in India, especially in
the northeastern regions.
• .
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27. Addiction Pattern
• In rural Rajasthan swallowing and smoking of opium is very common.
• Addictives are often used in India in open public places without any hesitation.
• As a general rule injecting equipment is discarded inappropriately.
• Intoxication of a mix of cannabis with tobacco is a common practice.
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28. The table below outlines total drug seizures
made in India during the period of 2004
through December 2010.
Total kg Total kg Total kg Total kg Total kg Total kg Total kg
Name of Drug seized in seized in seized in seized in seized in India seized in India seized in India
India 2004 India 2005 India 2006 India 2007 2008 2009 2010
Heroin 468 259 246 900 1,155 561 550
Hashish 394 430 955 3,766 4,347 2,321 2987
Opium 20 0 787 1,758 1,334 1,102 1282
Ganja (Marijuana) 10,502 5,572 14,919 75,407 113,025 135,922 144,487
Cocaine n/r .63 200 5 13 11 11
Methaqualone n/r 330 19 1 2, 382 33 0
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Acetic Anhydride (ltrs) 2,370 51 n/a n/a 1,200 478
Ephedrine 71 7 n/r 295 38,479 606 2,100
Amphetamines n/r n/r n/r n/r 22 11 47
n/r = not reported CBN,India 28

29. O
I
U
N
T
P
P
U
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T
T
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30. Analysis of Drug Industry
Country and their role:
 Producing:
• Developing Countries.
• High Crime rate and Insecurity.
• Social and Political instability.
 Distributing:
• Close proximity to both manufacturing and consuming
country.
• Flexible laws and not so stringent rules and regulations.
 Consuming:
• High in developed countries in terms of revenue.
• Low-grade drugs consumed in poor countries.
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31. Analysis of Drug Industry
Demographics
 Age: Around 70% of consumption is by people in age group of
15-27 years.
 Gender: More common among males and In US alone, in 2010
around 18% of male and 12.5% of females above 12 years of
age have consumed illicit drug at least once.
User Types:
 Addicted User: Regularly consumes and generally consume
when alone and is less productive and less price sensitive.
 Recreational User: Ocassionaly consume and consume in social
gatherings and is price sensitive.
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32. Reasons for Consumption
Individualistic:
• Loneliness.
• Depression.
• Work overload and difficult job conditions.
• Built Physical endurance.
• Poverty
• To feel High
Regional:
• Youth Protest Movements against war and oppression. Ex:
Hippies movement in US in 1970’s.
• A significant number of illicit drug users regarded
themselves as progressive citizens and reject
materialism, consumerism and conformist behaviour and is
prevalent among the socialist class.
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33. Social Impact
• The biggest is the number of deaths which is 2 lakh
and half of them are in their mid-30’s.
• One in 5 persons receive treatment.
• Drug use via injection is used by 16 million people and
out of these 20% are HIV Positive and 20% are
suffering from Hepatitis B and around 50% from
Hepatitis C.
• In UK almost 90% of the social and economic costs of
crimes crimes(fraud, burglary, robbery and shoplifting)
were related to drug abuse in 2010.
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34. Economic Impact
• In US in 2010, US $24 billion was spent on healthcare due to
illicit drug use.
• On average, the United States estimates resulted in a
potential productivity loss of slightly more than $1 million for
each drug-related death.
• Average drug industry is around US $400 billion and
it employs around 70 million people.
• Economy of countries like Afghanistan and other
African nations are surviving because of this
industry only. 34

35. Comparative Analysis
Particulars Alcohol Tobacco Illicit Drugs
Prevalence rate among global 42% 25% 10%
population
Global Deaths Percentage 3.6 8.7 0.4
Life years lost per 100 users 2 5 19
35

36. Steps to Reduce consumption
Manufacturing Banned By a Country.
Consumption Banned By a Country.
Signed a Treaty by many countries to
ban its production and consumption.
???
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37. Steps to tackle the Illicit drug consumption
LOGICAL:
• Medical prescriptions suggested.
• Its production and consumption banned.
• Rules and regulations more stringent.
37

38. Steps to tackle the Illicit drug consumption
PSYCHOLOGICAL:
• 12 Step Model.
• Focus on Physical, emotional and spiritual level.
• In this they are made to realise that the substance is the
symptom not the disease.
• 90 days minimum stay at centre.
• Reduce the consumption and make them strong to face the
outer world.
• Challenge is high drop out rate.
• NA- Daily meetings held at various locations across the
world.
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39. Survey Report
Age Distribution
10%
<20
40% 18% 20-25
25-30
>30
Occupation Distribution
32% Unemployed
20%
Service
36%
Student
12%
Education Level Distribution Self
32%
<12th
PG
20%
30%
Graduate
50%
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40. Survey Report
Reason for addiction distribution
Curiosity Stress Others Depression
25%
37%
13%
Frequency of Usage
25%
Distribution Per Month
<5
14%
5 to 8
24%
>8
62%
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41. Survey Report
Legalisation Distribution
Can't say Yes
18% 36%
No
46%
Place Of Procurement Distribution
Friends Drug Paddlers Chemist Shops Others
10%
10%
48%
32%
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42. Steps to Reduce consumption
Should Illicit drug consumption be legalised?
Why?
• Only less harmful one should be legalised.
• Impose Tax on them.
• Use the revenue in rehabilitation and de-
addiction centre and promoting and
launching campaigns.
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43. Future of this Industry
• Consumption shifting to developed countries which
would mean heavier burden for countries relatively
less equipped to tackle it.
• Increase in poly drug use which is a combination of
two drugs and is very dangerous.
• Non-medical use of prescription drugs.
• Switch from natural to synthetic drugs.
• Technology has played a important role in
evolution of this industry as it leads to faster and
better communication.
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44. Sources
• World Drug Report 2012 by United Nations.
• www.economist.com.
• Narcotics Anonymous.
• Alcoholic Anonymous.
• www.drugabuse.org.
• www.who.int.
• Miscellaneous Articles and Readings.
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