2. “Personality refers to the set of traits and
behaviors that characterize an individual.”
“Personality refers to the relatively stable
pattern of behavior and consistent internal
state and explains a person’s behavior
tendencies”.
4. According to type theories, people are
grouped into identifiable categories . For
ex: Structure of the body.
KRETSCHMER AND SHELDON: (PHYSIOLOGICAL)
A short, plump person (endomorph)
Sociable, relaxed, and even tempered.
A tall, thin person (endomorph)
restrained, self-conscious, and fond of
solitude.
5. A heavy-set muscular individual (mesomorph)
Noisy, callous, and fond of physical activity.
Drawback: classification of personalities on a
physical basis is subjective. Type theories are
simple and popular but carry no substance.
7. A personality trait is understood as being an
enduring attribute of a person that appears
consistently in a variety of situations.
we could rate an individual on a scale of
intelligence, emotional stability,
aggressiveness, or any number of other
dimensions.
8. There are two ways for assessing personality traits.
1. The person describes himself by answering
questions about his attitudes, feelings, and
behaviours.
2. Someone else evaluates the person’s traits
either from what he knows about the individual
or from direct observations of behaviour.
THE MAIN DRAWBACK IS the terms are difficult to
define, there are contradictions, and the
scientific reliability of the results is open to
considerable challenge.
9. Founded by SIGMUND FREUD
Personality as being composed of three
elements
Id
Ego
Super ego
10. Id
Ego
• The innate component of personality.
• It is raw, animalistic, unorganised, knows no
laws, obeys no rules, and remains basic to the
individual throughout the life.
• The ego strives to balance the desires of the id and
the realities of the objective, outside world.
• It makes decisions, controls actions, and allows
thinking, and problem solving of a higher order than
the id’s capabilities permit.
• It represents the system of values, norms,
ethics, and attitudes which are reasonably
compatible with that society.
Super ego • It judges whether an action is right or wrong
according to the standards of society.
12. It regards situation as an important variable in
determining human behavior.
It has made a major contribution to both
clinical psychology and personality theory. It
has led us to look more closely at the
situation that can modify behaviour. Careful
application of learning principles has proved
very successful in changing maladaptive
behaviour.
13. It is the study of personality includes a number
of theories which, although different in some
respects, share a common emphasis, on
man’s potential for self-direction and
freedom of choice.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are credited
with the humanistic theory of personality.
14. Roger’s Self theory :
It is described as phenomenological.
Phenomenology is the study of the
individual’s subjective experience, feelings,
and private concepts as well as his views of
the world and self.
For roger’s behaviour is utterly dependent
upon how one perceives the world, that is,
behaviour is the result of immediate events
as they are actually perceived and
interpreted by the individual.
15. Such an approach to personality emphasizes
the self and its characteristics.
Therefore it is referred as Self Theory
personality.
16. Maslow’s Self-Actualisation Theory:
It is based on European existential philosophy
Existential philosophy is concerned with man
as an individual and each person alone is
responsible for his own existence. He tries to
use his potential to become a useful member
of society, and to lead a truly authentic and
fruitful life. This drive of man which is
inherent in him is called self actualisation.
17. Maslow’s Self-Actualisation Theory:
Existential philosophy also stresses on human
consciousness, subjective feelings and
modes, and personal experience as they
relate to one’s existence in the world of
other people .
19. Heredity:
It refers to those factors that were determined
at conception. Physical stature, facial
attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle
composition and reflexes, energy level, and
biological rhythms are characteristics that
are generally considered to be imported
either completely or substantially from one’s
parents.
20. The following classification of characteristics is
said to be inherited by all humans:
i.
Physical structure-(how tall or short one is,
whether one has short or long nose)
ii. Reflexes-(response to external stimuli,
blinking when something falls in the eye)
iii. Innate drivers-(impulses to act based on
physiological tensions)
iv. Intelligence-(the capacity to learn)
v.
Temperament-(phlegmatic “dull”,
excitable or lethargic “inactive”)
21. Environment:
It is a broad term and includes such factors as
culture which influences norms, attitudes,
and values that are passed along from one
generation to the next and creates
consistencies over time
22. Contribution from the family:
The family has considerable influence on
personality development, particularly in the
early stages
Parents play important role in the identification
process.
According to research, children with a markedly
institutionalized upbringing orphans or
unstimulating homes are much more likely to be
socially to be and emotionally maladjusted than
children raised by parents in a warm , loving and
stimulating environment
