course material

1. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus Essay
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus EssayAccording to the
American Diabetes Association (2011), 25.8 million children and adults have been
diagnosed with diabetes in the United States. Approximately 2 million more are diagnosed
every year, with another 79 million people considered to be in a pre-diabetes state. These
millions of people are at risk of several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney
failure, neuropathy, and blindness. Since diabetes has a major impact on the health of
millions of people around the world, it is essential for nurses to understand the
pathophysiology and associated alterations of this disorder. In this Discussion, you compare
two types of diabetes—diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. To Prepare Review
Chapter 19 in the Huether and McCance text and Chapter 18 in the McPhee and Hammer
text. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus Essay. Identify the
pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Consider the similarities and
differences between resulting alterations of hormonal regulation. Select two of the
following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the
factors you selected might impact the diagnosis and prescription of treatment for these two
types of diabetes. Post an explanation of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and
diabetes insipidus. Describe the differences and similarities between resulting alterations of
hormonal regulation. Then explain how the factors you selected might impact the diagnosis
and prescription of treatment for these two types of diabetes.Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus EssayDiabetesPathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and
diabetes insipidusDiabetes is a general terms referring to the incurable range of medical
conditions characterized by problems with the hormone insulin. These conditions are
classified into two groups: diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes insipidus (DI). DM is a
metabolic condition that is reported in 770 in 100,000 people. It presents in two forms. The
first form is type I diabetes that is characterized by immune-mediated chronic
hyperglycemia resultant from autoimmune abnormalities. The second form is type II
diabetes that is characterized by insulin resistance hyperglycemia resultant from infection,
lifestyle and genetics. Symptoms include increased hunger and thirst, excessive urination,
and high blood sugar. Treatment entails adopting a healthy lifestyle and undergoing insulin
therapy. DM prognosis is a reduction in life expectancy by up to ten years
(Huether&McCance, 2017).Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus
EssayORDER A PLAGIARISM- FREE PAPER NOWOn the other hand, DI is caused by
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone - ADH) either presenting in abnormal levels or

2. functioning abnormally. ADH hormone is typically produced in the hypothalamus and
transported to the pituitary gland for storage before being released to function in regulating
fluid levels in the body. In healthy persons, ADH is released when fluid levels fall below
normal with the hormone preventing additional fluid excretion from the body through urine
by causing the trans-membrane protein channels in the kidneys to hold water and increase
water reabsorption into the blood. This results in concentrated urine of lower volume. It is
reported in 3 in 100,000 people (Cushny, 2017). It has no effect on life expectancy with the
treatment involving taking low salt diets and prescription vasmopressin or desmopressin.
DI presents in two forms. The first form is central (cranial) DI whereby ADH is released in
low amounts with minimal effects on water reabsorption thus causing the individual to lose
more water and become thirstier. It is caused by genetics, brain tumors, head injury, brain
infections, Sheehan’s syndrome, and stroke.The second form is nephrogenic diabetes
whereby defective kidneys do not respond to ADH signals so that water loss remains high
despite high amounts of ADH being released. It is caused by genetics, metabolism, drugs,
and kidney diseases (Cushny, 2017).Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes
Insipidus EssayDescribe the differences and similarities between resulting alterations of
hormonal regulation.DM and DI are fundamentally different medical conditions with the
only similarity being that both are incurable. The first difference is that DM involves insulin
management while DI involves ADH management. The second difference is that DM reduces
life expectancy by as much as ten years while DI has no effect on life expectancy. The third
difference is that DM is more common with incidence reported in 770 in 100,000 people
while DI is less common with incidence reported in 3 in 100,000 people. The final difference
is that DM treatment involves lifestyle management and insulin therapy while DI treatment
involves vasmopressin or desmopressin prescription and low salt diets (Dunford& Doyle,
2015).Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus EssayExplain how the
factors you selected might impact the diagnosis and prescription of treatment for these two
types of diabetes.The selected factor is lifestyle, in the form of both dietsand exercise. It has
an influence on the diagnosis and prescription of both DM and DI. For DM, the diet affects
blood sugar levels. This is particularly true for fats and carbohydrates whose metabolism
includes sugar as one of the end products. Exercise also affects DM since an inactive lifestyle
causes blood sugars to build up. Lifestyle is used in the management of DM through
presenting healthy foods with low sugars to support insulin in blood sugar control. Also,
exercise is recommended to reduce the blood sugar levels. For DI, any lifestyle that places a
strain on the kidneys is a source of concern, especially when this results in dehydration.
This is addressed through a lifestyle change with focus on preventing dehydration through
taking in the right amounts of fluids every day (Hammer & McPhee, 2014).Pathophysiology
of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus EssayReferencesCushny, A. (2017). The
secretion of urine. Trieste: Trieste Publishing.Dunford, M. & Doyle, A. (2015). Nutrition for
sport and exercise (3rded.). Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning.Hammer, G. G. & McPhee, S.
(2014). Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine (7thed.). New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill Education.Huether, S. E., &McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding
pathophysiology (6thed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus and
Diabetes Insipidus Essay