Introduction. Properties of Stem Cells. Key Research events. Embryonic Stem Cell. Stem cell Cultivation. Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism. Research & Clinical Application of stem cell. Research patents. Conclusion. Reference.

1. STEMCELLCULTURE&
ITSAPPLICATION.
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. 1. Introduction.
2. Properties of Stem Cells.
3. Key Research events.
4. Embryonic Stem Cell.
5. Stem cell Cultivation.
6. Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
7. Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
8. Research patents.
9. Conclusion.
10. Reference.

3.  Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular
organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate
into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce
more stem cells.
 In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells:
embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell
mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in
various tissues.
 In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a
repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.

4.  Self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell
division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
 Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell
types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be
either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any
mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent
progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.

6.  1908: The term "stem cell" was proposed for scientific use by
the Russian histologist Alexander Maksimov (1874–1928) at
congress of hematologic society in Berlin. It postulated
existence of haematopoietic stem cells.
 1960s: Joseph Altman and Gopal Das present scientific
evidence of adult neurogenesis, ongoing stem cell activity in
the brain; their reports contradict Cajal's "no new neurons"
dogma and are largely ignored.
 January 2008: Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell
Technology and UCSF create the first human embryonic
stem cells without destruction of the embryo.
 11 October 2010 First trial of embryonic stem cells in
humans.

7.  Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells
derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-
stage embryo.
 Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post
fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells.
Isolating the embryoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) results in
destruction of the fertilized human embryo, which raises
ethical issues.
 Those issues include whether or not a human life at the
embryonic stage should be granted the moral status of a
human being.
 Human ES cells measure approximately 14μm while mouse
ES cells are closer to 8μm.
 There are currently no approved treatments using embryonic
stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US
Food and Drug Administration in January 2009.

8. Embryonic stem cell culture

9.  ES cells from mouse embryos have been cultured
since the 1980s by various groups of researchers
working independently.
 These pioneers established murine embryonic stem
cells lines that could differentiate into several
different cell types.
 ES cell lines have been established from other
mammals (hamsters, rats, pigs, and cows).
Thompson and colleagues at the University of
Wisconsin reported isolation of primate ES cells in
1995 and human ES cells in 1998.
 ES cells are the best characterized of all the cultured
stem cells.

10. 1) In vitro fertilized egg - made in an artificial environment
outside of a living organism.
2) Blastocyst stage - 5 to 7 days after egg is fertilized,
cells are beginning to multiply.
3) Inner stem cell mass - removal of stem cells.
4) Cultured undifferentiated stem cells - stage when
cells can be directed to what they will become.
5) Specialized cells - what the cells become.
a) blood cells
b) neural cells
c) muscle cells

11. A. Stem cells in mammalian development
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism:
development, repair of adult tissue and cancer.

12.  During development, stem cells divide and produce more
specialized cells. Stem cells are also present in the adult in far
lesser numbers.
 For wound healing in the skin, epidermal stem cells and bone-
marrow progenitor cells both contribute.
 Thus it is likely that organ-specific progenitors and
hematopoietic stem cells are involved in repair, even for other
organ repair.

13.  Ontogeny (development of an organism) and oncology
(cancer development) share many common features. From
the 1870s the connection between development and cancer
has been reported for various types of cancers.
 Existence of "cancer stem cells" with aberrant cell division
has also been reported more recently. The connection
between cancer and development is clearly evident in
teratocarcinomas.
 As early as 1862, Virchow discovered that the germ cell
tumor teratocarcinoma is made up of embryonic cells. In
1970, Stevens derived embryonal carcinoma cells from
teratocarcinomas.

14. 1) Functional Genomic studies
 In 1986, Gossler et al. reported using mouse ES cells to produce
transgenic animals. Soon after, two landmark papers in the field
of mouse genetics demonstrated the ability to manipulate a
specific gene of ES cells.
 Combining these techniques, a specific gene can be introduced
into ES cells to produce transgenic mice. This gene can be
transmitted to their offspring through the germline.

15. 2. Drug discovery and development
3. Study of biological processes
4. Cell-based therapy

16. Parkinson's Disease
Approximately 1.5 million people in the United States suffer
from Parkinson's disease, which is caused when 80% or
more of dopamine producing-neurons in the substantia
nigra of the brain die.

18.  The patents covering a lot of work on human embryonic
stem cells are owned by the Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation (WARF). WARF does not charge academics
to study human stem cells but does charge commercial
users.
 WARF sold Geron Corp. exclusive rights to work on
human stem cells but later sued Geron Corp. to recover
some of the previously sold rights. The two sides agreed
that Geron Corp. would keep the rights to only three cell
types.
 In 2001, WARF came under public pressure to widen
access to human stem-cell technology.

19.  Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular
organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and
differentiate into diverse specialized cell types.
 The number of stem cells present in an adult is far fewer
than the number seen in early development because most of
the stem cells have differentiated and multiplied.
 This makes it extremely difficult to isolate stem cells from
an adult organism, which is why scientists hope to use
embryonic stem cells for therapy because embryonic stem
cells are much easier to obtain.

20.  CULTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS 5TH EDITION : BY R. IAN
FRESHNEY.
 BIOTECHNOLOGY : U. STAYANARAYAN.