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B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-I Chapter 2-Dielectrics
Dielectrics are the materials having electric dipole
moment permanently.
Dipole: A dipole is an entity in which equal positive
and negative charges are separated by a small
distance..
DIPOLE moment (µEle ):The product of magnitude of
either of the charges and separation distance b/w
them is called Dipole moment.
µe = q . x  coulmb.m
All dielectrics are electrical insulators and they are
mainly used to store electrical energy.
Ex: Mica, glass, plastic, water & polar
molecules…
X
q -q
Introduction
+
Electric field
Dielectric atom
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
dipole
The relative permittivity(εr) is often known as
dielectric const. of medium it can given by,
εr=ε/ε0
Dielectric constant is ratio of permittivity of medium
to permittivity of free space.
The value of capacitance of capacitor is given by,
C0=εrε0A/d
By this eqn we can say that high εr increases capacity
of capacitor.
Polar and Nonpolarized Molecules
Non-polar Molecules : The Dielectric material in which
there is no permanent dipole existence in absence of an
external field is …..
O=O N N Cl-Cl F-F Br-Br I-I
2 – Compounds made of molecules which are symmetrically shaped
carbon tetra fluoride CF4
propane
C3H8
methane CH4
carbon tetra fluoride CCl4,
carbon dioxide
O=C=O
Polar Molecules The Dielectric material in which there is
permanent dipole existence even in absence of an
external field is …..
HCl
hydrogen chloride
carbon monoxide
C O
2 – molecules with O, N, or OH at one end – asymmetrical
e.g.; CH2Cl2,CH3Cl
water
H2O
unbounded electron pairs
bend the molecule
ammonia
nitrogen trihydride
NH3
alcohols
methanol
CH3OH
Identify each of the following molecules as
1) polar or 2) nonpolarized. Explain.
A. PBr3
B. HBr
C. Br2
D. SiBr4
7
Identify each of the following molecules as
1) polar or 2) nonpolarized. Explain.
A. PBr3 1) pyramidal; dipoles don’t cancel; polar
B. HBr 1) linear; one polar bond (dipole); polar
C. Br2 2) linear; nonpolarized bond; nonpolarized
D. SiBr4 2) tetrahedral; dipoles cancel; no polar
8
As shown in fig. when an electric field is
applied to dielectric material their
negative & positive charges tend to align
in equilibrium position.
 They produce electric dipole inside the material.
 This phenomenon is known as Polarization.
 It can be represented by,
P=polarization
μ= dipole moment
V=Volume
 Unit=Cm-2
 Now dipole moment depends upon applied electric field.
 α polarizability of material.
P
V


E
P E
P E



 

 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
++
--
+
q
-
q
-
q
+
q
-
q
+
q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
E0
 In absence of
dielectric
 In presence of
dielectric
0
0
0
0
0
.E ds q
q
E A
q
E
A






 0
0 0
0 0
. '
'
'
E ds q q
q q
EA
q q
E
A A

 
 
 
 
 

 V=Ed
 So
 Now
0 0
d
E V
k
E V
 
0
0
0 0
0 0 0
'
'
,
1
, ' (1 )
E q
E
k kA
q q
E
A A
q q q
So
kA A A
then q q
k

 
  
 
 
 
 
0
0
So, . '
1
(1 )
q
.
E ds q q
q q
k
k
k E ds q


 
  




This relation true is for parallel plate capacitor
Which is Gauss’s law for dielectrics
 The resultant dielectric field is given by,
Where,
E=Electric field
D=Flux Density or
Displacement vector
P=Polarization
0 0
0 0
0
0
'
'
,
,
, D
p
q q
E
A A
q
now P
A
q P
E
A
q
E P
A
q
now D
A
So E P
 

 


 
 
  
  

 
Electric susceptibility:
The polarization vector P is proportional
to the total electric flux density and
direction of electric field.
Therefore the polarization vector can be
written
0
0
0
0
( 1)
1
e
e
r
e r
P E
P
E
E
E
 


 

 




 
 Displacement vector,
0
0
0
r 0 0
0
D E P
Now,P=
( - ) E P
(or) ( . - ) E P
( 1) . P
Where,( 1)
r
r
E
E


 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
1. Electron polarization
2. Ionic polarization
3. Orientation polarization
4. Space charge polarization
 When no external field is applied nucleus of
atom is like in fig. (a)
 When external field is applied, displacement
in opposite direction is observed between
nucleus & electrons due to this dipole
moment is induced.
 This type of polarization is called Electronic
polarization.
 Ex. Germanium, Silicon, Diamond etc…
19
+
-
+
-
-
Electric Field(a) (b)
 Some materials like ionic crystal does not
possess permanent dipole moment.
 Fig. (a) shows natural arrangement of ionic
crystal. When Ele. Field is applied on this type
of material displacement of ions is observed.
 Due to an external electric field a positive &
negative ion displaces in the direction
opposite to each other due to which distance
between them is reduced & ionic polarization
is generated.
 Ionic polarization is observed in materials like
NaCl, KBr, KCl etc…
 Let us consider simple example of NaCl
crystal.
 As shown in fig. when crystal is placed in an
external electric field Na+ ion displaces in one
direction & Cl- ion goes in opposite direction.
 Some molecules like H2O, HCl having permanent dipole
moment p0.
 In the absence of a field, individual dipoles are
arranged in random way, so net average dipole
moment in a unit volume is zero as shown in fig. (b).
 A dipole such as HCl placed in a field experiences a
torque that tries to rotate it to align p0 with the field E.
 In the presence of an applied field, the
dipoles try to rotate to align parallel to each
other in direction of electric field fig (d).
 This type of polarization is Orientation
polarization.
 This type of polarization occurs only in polar
substances like H2O, CH3Cl when they are
placed in external field.
 A crystal with equal number of mobile positive ions
and fixed negative ions.
 In the absence of a field, there is no net separation
between all the positive charges and all the
negative charges.
 In the presence of an applied field, the
mobile positive ions migrate toward the
negative charges and positive charges in the
dielectric.
 The dielectric therefore exhibits Space charge
or interfacial polarization.
.
?
.
.
dW F dr
F
dW qE dr
dW E dp
p p
P
lA V




 
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
( 1) .
. .( 1) .
. .( 1) .
1
( 1)E
2
1
( 1)E
2
?
r
r
r
r
r
p PV
dW EVdP
P E
dW E V dE
dW E V dE
W V
W
V
U
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 

 
References:
Engineering physics By Dr. M N Avadhnulu, S Chand
publication
Engineering physics by K Rajgopalan
http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/coursenote
s/modules/guide05.pdf

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B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-I Chapter 2-Dielectrics

  • 2. Dielectrics are the materials having electric dipole moment permanently. Dipole: A dipole is an entity in which equal positive and negative charges are separated by a small distance.. DIPOLE moment (µEle ):The product of magnitude of either of the charges and separation distance b/w them is called Dipole moment. µe = q . x  coulmb.m All dielectrics are electrical insulators and they are mainly used to store electrical energy. Ex: Mica, glass, plastic, water & polar molecules… X q -q Introduction
  • 4. The relative permittivity(εr) is often known as dielectric const. of medium it can given by, εr=ε/ε0 Dielectric constant is ratio of permittivity of medium to permittivity of free space. The value of capacitance of capacitor is given by, C0=εrε0A/d By this eqn we can say that high εr increases capacity of capacitor.
  • 5. Polar and Nonpolarized Molecules Non-polar Molecules : The Dielectric material in which there is no permanent dipole existence in absence of an external field is ….. O=O N N Cl-Cl F-F Br-Br I-I 2 – Compounds made of molecules which are symmetrically shaped carbon tetra fluoride CF4 propane C3H8 methane CH4 carbon tetra fluoride CCl4, carbon dioxide O=C=O
  • 6. Polar Molecules The Dielectric material in which there is permanent dipole existence even in absence of an external field is ….. HCl hydrogen chloride carbon monoxide C O 2 – molecules with O, N, or OH at one end – asymmetrical e.g.; CH2Cl2,CH3Cl water H2O unbounded electron pairs bend the molecule ammonia nitrogen trihydride NH3 alcohols methanol CH3OH
  • 7. Identify each of the following molecules as 1) polar or 2) nonpolarized. Explain. A. PBr3 B. HBr C. Br2 D. SiBr4 7
  • 8. Identify each of the following molecules as 1) polar or 2) nonpolarized. Explain. A. PBr3 1) pyramidal; dipoles don’t cancel; polar B. HBr 1) linear; one polar bond (dipole); polar C. Br2 2) linear; nonpolarized bond; nonpolarized D. SiBr4 2) tetrahedral; dipoles cancel; no polar 8
  • 9. As shown in fig. when an electric field is applied to dielectric material their negative & positive charges tend to align in equilibrium position.
  • 10.  They produce electric dipole inside the material.  This phenomenon is known as Polarization.  It can be represented by, P=polarization μ= dipole moment V=Volume  Unit=Cm-2  Now dipole moment depends upon applied electric field.  α polarizability of material. P V   E P E P E        
  • 12.  In absence of dielectric  In presence of dielectric 0 0 0 0 0 .E ds q q E A q E A        0 0 0 0 0 . ' ' ' E ds q q q q EA q q E A A            
  • 13.  V=Ed  So  Now 0 0 d E V k E V   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' ' , 1 , ' (1 ) E q E k kA q q E A A q q q So kA A A then q q k              
  • 14. 0 0 So, . ' 1 (1 ) q . E ds q q q q k k k E ds q            This relation true is for parallel plate capacitor Which is Gauss’s law for dielectrics
  • 15.  The resultant dielectric field is given by, Where, E=Electric field D=Flux Density or Displacement vector P=Polarization 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' ' , , , D p q q E A A q now P A q P E A q E P A q now D A So E P                    
  • 16. Electric susceptibility: The polarization vector P is proportional to the total electric flux density and direction of electric field. Therefore the polarization vector can be written 0 0 0 0 ( 1) 1 e e r e r P E P E E E               
  • 17.  Displacement vector, 0 0 0 r 0 0 0 D E P Now,P= ( - ) E P (or) ( . - ) E P ( 1) . P Where,( 1) r r E E                    
  • 18. 1. Electron polarization 2. Ionic polarization 3. Orientation polarization 4. Space charge polarization
  • 19.  When no external field is applied nucleus of atom is like in fig. (a)  When external field is applied, displacement in opposite direction is observed between nucleus & electrons due to this dipole moment is induced.  This type of polarization is called Electronic polarization.  Ex. Germanium, Silicon, Diamond etc… 19 + - + - - Electric Field(a) (b)
  • 20.  Some materials like ionic crystal does not possess permanent dipole moment.  Fig. (a) shows natural arrangement of ionic crystal. When Ele. Field is applied on this type of material displacement of ions is observed.  Due to an external electric field a positive & negative ion displaces in the direction opposite to each other due to which distance between them is reduced & ionic polarization is generated.  Ionic polarization is observed in materials like NaCl, KBr, KCl etc…
  • 21.  Let us consider simple example of NaCl crystal.  As shown in fig. when crystal is placed in an external electric field Na+ ion displaces in one direction & Cl- ion goes in opposite direction.
  • 22.  Some molecules like H2O, HCl having permanent dipole moment p0.  In the absence of a field, individual dipoles are arranged in random way, so net average dipole moment in a unit volume is zero as shown in fig. (b).  A dipole such as HCl placed in a field experiences a torque that tries to rotate it to align p0 with the field E.
  • 23.  In the presence of an applied field, the dipoles try to rotate to align parallel to each other in direction of electric field fig (d).  This type of polarization is Orientation polarization.  This type of polarization occurs only in polar substances like H2O, CH3Cl when they are placed in external field.
  • 24.  A crystal with equal number of mobile positive ions and fixed negative ions.  In the absence of a field, there is no net separation between all the positive charges and all the negative charges.
  • 25.  In the presence of an applied field, the mobile positive ions migrate toward the negative charges and positive charges in the dielectric.  The dielectric therefore exhibits Space charge or interfacial polarization.
  • 26. . ? . . dW F dr F dW qE dr dW E dp p p P lA V       0 0 0 2 0 2 0 ( 1) . . .( 1) . . .( 1) . 1 ( 1)E 2 1 ( 1)E 2 ? r r r r r p PV dW EVdP P E dW E V dE dW E V dE W V W V U                         
  • 27. References: Engineering physics By Dr. M N Avadhnulu, S Chand publication Engineering physics by K Rajgopalan http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/coursenote s/modules/guide05.pdf