nothing

1. Introduction to IWRM
D. Thalmeinerova
based upon GWP ToolBox resources

2. Local, Regional, National, Fluvial, Global
Ancient
1200 A.D.
1900
1990s
Future
Community
Basic management
of water quantity
Sectoral management
of water quantity and quality
institutional fragmentation
spatial fragmentation
local co-ordination
Integrated multifunctional use
river basin as unit
institutionalised cooperation
Multi-level Comprehensive Governance

3. Before we start….
• The basis of IWRM is that different uses of water are
interdependent
• Integrated management means that all the different uses of
water resources are considered together

4. WATER CYCLE

5. Driving forces on water resources
• Population growth: demands for more water and producing more waste
water and pollution
• Urbanization: migration from rural to urban areas which increases the
current level of difficulty in water delivery and waste water treatment
• Economic growth: mainly in developing countries with large populations
contributes to increased demand for economic activities
• Globalization of trade: production is relocated to “labor-cheap” areas that
takes place without consideration for water resources
• Climate variability: more intense floods and droughts increase vulnerability
of people
• Climate change: increase uncertainty about water cycle regimes
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ISSUES ARE
THE MAIN TOPICS IN YOUR JOB?

6. IWRM concept is
• an empirical concept which is built up from the on-the-ground experience
of practitioners,
• a flexible approach to water management that can adapt to diverse national
and local contexts,
• thus
• it is not a scientific theory that needs to be proved or disproved by scholars.
• and (but)
• it requires policy-makers to make judgments about which reforms and
measures, management tools and institutional arrangements are most
appropriate in a particular cultural, social, political, economic and
environmental context.

7. IWRM definition
IWRM is a process which promotes the
coordinated development and
management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximize the
resultant economic and social welfare
in an equitable manner without
compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems.
GWP, TEC Background Paper No. 4:
Integrated Water Resources
Management

8. IWRM:
What does it really mean?
• More coordinated development and management of:
– Land and water
– Surface water and ground water
– Upstream and downstream interests
Discussion questions:
Who should propose measures to protect against floods?
Who should bear a cost to implement measures to mitigate
floods?

9. Key water resources management functions
• Water allocation
• Pollution control
• Monitoring
• Financial management
• Flood and drought management
• Information management
• Basin planning
• Stakeholder participation
IWRM

10. Manage water resources within a basin
• What about international basins?
• What about large distances within a basin (with disparate communities and
institutions)?
• How to manage a basin that has no monitoring network?
• How to manage a basin where water supply and demand fluctuate both
intra-seasonally and inter-annually?
• How to manage a basin where authorities have a little access to financial,
transport and technological capabilities?

11. Three pillars of IWRM
• Implementing IWRM process is a question of getting the “three
pillars” right:
1. Moving towards enabling environment of appropriate policies, strategies and
legislation
2. Putting in place the institutional framework (through which policies can be
implemented)
3. Setting up the management instruments required by these institutions to do
their job

12. CHANGE AREAS
Environmental
Sustainability
Economic
Efficiency
Social Equity
CHANGES ARE MADE TO SEEK
TO REACH
SUSTAINABILITY

13. Managing competing uses
Water for
people
Water for
food
Water for
nature
Water for
other
uses
Cross-sectoral integration
• Enabling
environment
• Institutions
• Management
instruments

14. Integrating across levels and sectors
National
Basin
Local
Fisheries
Envir
onme
nt
Tourism Industry
Finance
Agriculture
Energy
Water

15. IWRM PRINCIPLES
• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain
life, development and the environment.
• Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers
at all levels.
• Women play a central part in the provision, management and safe-
guarding of water.
• Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should
be recognized as an economic good as well as social good.
Dublin, 1992

16. IWRM Principles
• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain
life, development and the environment.

17. Respecting the basin

18. IWRM Principles
• Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers
at all levels.

19. Difficult to ensure “active involvement”
50 decision
200 work
2 000 participation
200 000 information
2 500 000 population
How
to
make it?

20. Pitfalls in putting IWRM into practice
Trying to establish management relations between too many
variables risks getting mired in complexity at the expense of
effectiveness.
When putting IWRM into
practice it’s important to
think strategically about
where and to what degree
coordination and new
management instruments
are necessary.

21. IWRM Principles
• Women play a central part
in the provision,
management and safe-
guarding of water

22. IWRM Principles
• Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be
recognized as an economic good as well as social good
– Water is becoming scarcer and its value rising
– Recognition that costs should be borne by those who benefit
Source: The Economist

23. Arguments for treating water as an
economic good:
• Market-based approach will
ensure that people are better
stewards of water resources
• Encourages conservation
• Improves quality
• Helps allocate water to maximize
benefits
Arguments for treating water as a
human right:
• Ensures water for all
• Helps set priorities of water policy
• Focuses attention on resolving
water conflict
• Helps safeguard other human
rights

24. Why IWRM?
• Globally accepted and makes good sense.
• Key element in national water policy.
• Incorporates social and environmental considerations directly into policy and
decision making.
• Directly involves the stakeholders.
• Is a tool for optimizing investments under tight financing climate.

25. Traditional
versus IWRM
approaches

26. …in order to understand better “integrated” approach…
• Traditional approach
– One sector
– Limited institutions involved
– Decision making at one sector
– Specific issues addressed
– Specific interests solved
– Sectoral allocation of funds
• Integrated approach
– Multi sectors
– Various institutions involved
– “collective” decision making
– Complex issues addressed
– Overriding interests solved
– National allocation of funds

27. In order to understand better “integrated” approach
Traditional approach:
• Hydrological/hydraulic
– What is expected yield of the
catchment?
• Engineering
– How much water leaks from
the system?
– How can leakage be reduced?
• Management
– What is the economic level of
leakage?
Integrated approach:
• How will new investment be agreed
upon?
• How can local management
structures balance competing
uses?
• How will stakeholders negotiate
water rights in different conditions
of water availability (scarcity)?
• How will consumers respond to
periodic water shortages or to
increasing environmental
concerns?

28. Lessons learnt

29. Risks of fully sectoral approach
Sectoralapproach
Integratedapproach
 Overlooking negative impacts on
environment and other sectors
 Inefficient use of resources—natural
and financial

30. Risks of fully integrated approach
Sectoral
approac
h
Integrate
d
approach
Getting mired in complexity.
Not making good use of
specialist expertise.

31. Finding a balance
Sectoral
approac
h
Integrate
d
approac
h
Each country needs
to decide where
integration makes
sense based on its
social, political and
hydrological situation.

32. The nature of IWRM: Lessons from IWRM in practice
How water is developed and managed must reflect country
priorities (including environmental standards) and governance
approaches.
Water management will not be
successful if it is set up as a
stand-alone system of
governance and administration,
separate to the rest of
government.

33. Examples: IWRM is linked to
key development issues
Key development issue How IWRM helps Example
Securing food production Assists the efficient production of
food crops in irrigated
agriculture
FAO round table (2003, Rome)
agreed that all African
countries should improve
efficiency in irrigated
agriculture for food production
by adopting IWRM approach
Reducing health risks Better management of water
quality
UNECE Protocol on Water and
Health (2007) requires to set
health targets. Progress
towards IWRM has been
chosen as an indicator for
improved water management
Freshwater and coastal water IWRM recognizes freshwater and
coastal zone as a continuum
Integrated Coastal Area and River
Basin Management (ICARM)
is endorsed by GWP as a basic
concept for the GEF projects
portfolio

34. Key development issue How IWRM helps Example
Mitigating disaster risks Assists disaster
preparedness
WMO adopted IFM
approach within the
framework of IWRM in
2000
Planning transboundary
cooperation
Assists water management
of shared basins
ECOWAS adopted the
West African Regional
Action Plan for IWRM
in 2000. The IWRM is a
framework for
transboundary Niger,
Volta and Senegal rivers
Adapting to climate change Assist appropriate planning
of water use with better
resilience
IPCC emphasizes IWRM
approach that is based
on the concepts of
flexibility and
adaptability

35. Summary about IWRM: what we have learnt
• IWRM is linked to sustainable development
• IWRM is not a one-size-fits-all prescription and cannot be applied as a
checklist of actions
• IWRM is not a prescription but an iterative process and an adaptive
approach
• IWRM implementation must reflect country priorities
• Water management will not be successful if it is set up as a stand-alone
system of governance
• IWRM includes both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ components

36. Lessons from IWRM in practice
IWRM is a means not an end. None of the successful case studies
analysed set out to achieve IWRM. Rather they set out to solve
particular water-related problems or achieve development goals by
looking at water holistically within larger physical and development
contexts.
IWRM
Equity
Sustainability
Efficiency