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CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY
PRESENTED BY :
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2.
AGRICULTURE
 India is an agriculturally
important country.
2/3rds(63%) of the
population is engaged in
agriculture.
 Agriculture is a primary
activity, which produces
food and other raw
materials for industries.
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3.
Types of Farming
 Primitive
Subsistence Farming
 Intensive
Subsistence Farming
 Commercial Farming
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4.
Development of Agriculture
In the l9th century improved farming
methods and invention of farm equipments
brought remarkable changes in the
development of agriculture in the world.
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5.
Subsistence agriculture
Commercial
agriculturePlantation
agriculture
Shifting
agriculture
Intensive
agriculture
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6.
Primitive subsistence farming
 Use primitive tools-hoe, digging-sticks.
 2) Depends on monsoon and natural
fertility
 3) Low productivity
 4) Do not use modern inputs
 5) Practiced in small patches of land
eg, jhumming in north-east.
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7.
Intensive subsistence farming
 Labour intensive
 Depends on irrigation and biochemical inputs
 High production
 Use modern inputs.
 Practiced in areas of high population
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8.
Importance of Agriculture
 Source of employment
 Food supply to the people
 Raw material for industry
 earns foreign exchange
 contributes 26% of GDP
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9.
Features
 traditional agricultural system
 subsistence farming
 over dependency on rain
 inadequate storage facility
 small land holdings
 inadequate means of transport
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10.
Cropping Pattern
 Kharif crops: sown with the onset of monsoon
June) and harvested in oct.ex-rice,maize,
moong,cotton,jute etc
 Rabi crops: sown in winter from oct-dec and
harvested in summer (apr-june)- ex-wheat
peas,gram, mustard.
 Zaid crops :it is a short season during the
summer months .ex-watermelon,
muskmelon,cucumber.
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11.
Classification of
crops
Food Crops
Fibre
Crops
Beverages
Cash
crops
Fibre
Crops
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12.
Major Crops
 Food Crops:
Rice,wheat,maize,
millets,jowar,bazraetc.
 Beverages: Tea,
coffee, sugarcane
 Non-Food crops:
Cotton, jute.
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13.
Fibre crops
Jute-The
Golden
Fibre of
India
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14.
A unique gift of nature, Jute, the Golden Fiber, is truly one of the
most versatile fibers, known to man. Used to make bags, rugs and
other aesthetically beautiful jute handicrafts, the 100% bio-
degradable fiber has found great usage in industries.
USES OF JUTE
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15.
Jute is a rainy season crop
 sown from March to May
according to rainfall and type of
land
harvested from June to
September depending on whether the
sowings are early or late.
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16.
Climatic conditions required for cultivation of Jute
SOIL - well drained fertile soil in the flood plains
TEMPERATURE 25 0 - 30 0 C
RAINFALL 150- 200 CM ANNUALLY
Grows well in Hot and humid climate
Takes 8 to 10 months to mature
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17.
Distribution
India was the largest producer m
in the world before partition
West Bengal is the largest
producer contributing about 70%
of the jute of India.
Other producers are Bihar,
Assam,Orissa and UP
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18.
Major Growing Areas
Jute thrives best in damp heat, and the climatic conditions
prevalent in West Bengal in India are well suited for its cultivation.
Indian states ideally suitable for the cultivation of jute are:
 West Bengal Bihar
 Assam Orissa
 Uttar Pradesh
Mesta, or Kenif, botanically known as Hibiscus Cannabinus, is
also grown in these areas as a textile fiber. Mesta is a coarser,
more brittle fiber, and is used by the jute mills in admixture with
jute to obtain certain desired properties.
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19.
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDUSTRY
Decline in the demand for jute carpets & packing
materials
High production cost
Stiff competition in international market
Availability of synthetic substitutes
Low productivity using outdated machinery
Artificial or synthetic fibers are cheaper & readily
available everywhere
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20.
SUGGESTIONS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
OF JUTE INDUSTRY
Urgent need for replacement of the outdated machinery
Use of modern technology
Modernisation of its products
Improve the quality of goods as well as develop new
products
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21.
COTTON
Khariff crop
Tropical and sub-tropical crop
Shrub- grows upto 1 – 1.5 mts
high, produces big yellow flowers
which develop into seed called
‘bolls’.The seed inside is
surrounded by cotton fibre.
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22.
Climatic conditions required for cultivation
of Cotton
Soil - drier parts of black soil of the Deccan Plateau
Temperature High temperature between 20 0 to 30 0 C
Rainfall Light rainfall about 100 cm ,210 frost
free days and bright sunshine
Requires 6- 8 months to mature
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23.
Production
 India is the third largest producer in the
world after the USA and China.
 India was the first country to develop
hybrid variety of Cotton .This led to
spectacular increase in the production.
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24.
Varieties of Cotton
 On the basis of Length of the Fibre and
the Quality of the yarn there are Three
varieties-
 Long Staple
 Short Staple
 Medium Staple
 ‘MCU -5’ & ‘Hybrid - 4 ‘ are the Long
Staple Hybrid varieties.
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25.
DISTRIBUTION
 Maharashtra and Gujarat are the
Traditional producers of cotton
 Other producers are Punjab,
Haryana,Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka and
Tamilnadu.
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26.
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27.
SUGARCANE
 Native to India
 2nd Largest producer of
sugarcane in the world
next to Brazil.
 Cane sugar is used to
make three types of
Sugar – Gur ,
Khandsari and sugar.
 Important Commercial
and Cash Crop
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28.
Climatic conditions required for
cultivation of Sugarcane
Soil - Deep, loamy and well drained
fertile soil (Alluvial and Black soil)
Temperature Between 21 0 to 27 0 C
Rainfall Light rainfall about 75 cm
and100 cm
Long frost free days at the time of
Harvest
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29.
Distribution
 Sub Tropical varieties of sugarcane are
grown mainly in UP, Bihar, Punjab,
Haryana.
 Tropical varieties of sugarcane are
grown mainly in Maharashtra, AP,
Tamilnadu and Karnataka.
UP and Maharashtra are the leading
producers followed by Punjab,AP,Bihar
etc
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30.
Technical and Institutional Reforms
Institutional
Reforms:Collectivisation,consolidation of
holdings,cooperation and abolition of
zamindari system.
Technical Reforms/Agrl Reforms:
1. Green Revolution-new methods and better
inputs in production
2. White Revolution-increase in milk prod and
distribution.
3. 1980’s&90’s-Comprehensive land devlopment
programme was initiated which include both
institutional and technical refprms.
4. Kisan credit cards (KCC) and Personal
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31.
Contribution of Agriculture to National
economy, employment and output.
1. Agrl to growth of GDP-1992-2001- 3.3%.
2002-2007- 4%
2. To Employment: Still 63% of population
dependent on agriculture as the mainstay
of livelihood.
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32.
Food Security
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33.
Food Security
 Food security in India is ensured through
Public Distribution system(PDS).
 The objective is to ensure availability of
foodgrains to comon people at affordable
proces
.
 For this the Food Corporation of India
procures foodgrains and the govt ensures
that the farmers receive the minimum suppor
priceMSP.
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34.
Food Production
 1999-2000
209.8 m.tonnes
 2000-2001
196.8 mt
 2001-2002
212.9 mt
 2002-2003
174.8 mt
 2003-2004
213.5 mt
 2004-2005
204.6 mt
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35.
Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture
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36.
Impact of Globalisation
 After globalisation in 1990 farmers
have been exposed to new
challenges.
 Aims to improve the conditions of
marginal farmers.
 New gene revolution is replacing
green revolution.
 Gives scope for organic farming.
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37.
Agriculture, food security, poverty, hunger,
starvation…. All these are inter related in
one way or the other. Its everybody's
responsibility to ensure food safety and food
affordability to all. For that we should follow
eco friendly methods of cultivation.
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