1 The cells shown in the diagram below are in various stage.pdf

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1. The cells shown in the diagram below are in various stages of mitosis or meiosis. All the cells come the same individual with a diploid number of 6 . Give the names of each stage shown (be specific). 2. Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. Mark the following statements as true or false. A. In meiosis four daughter cells are produced, whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced. B. Cells produced by meiosis are diploid, whereas cells produced by mitosis are haploid. C. In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once, whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice. D. In meiosis, two rounds of DNA replication are followed by two rounds of cell division E. Tetrads are unique to meiosis F. In Anaphase I of meiosis, sister chromatids separate, whereas in Anaphase II, homologous chromosomes separate.

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Chapter 2 problems. 1. (Problem 1) Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas prokaryotes have no nucleus. B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have only one. C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA. D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not. E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some genes for prokaryotes. 2. (Problem 3) Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction? A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied. B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another. C. The cell must divide. D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction. 3. (Problem 4 part 1): What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome? A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids 4. (Problem 4 part 2 ) The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the _____________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 5. (Problem 4 part 3) The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the chromosomes are the ______________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 6. (Problem 6, part 1) _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M E. Telophase 15. (Problem 10) Why are the two cells produced by the cell cycle genetically identical? A. An exact copy of each DNA molecule was created in S phase giving rise to the two identical sister chromatids. B. Chromosomal replication in prophase ensures two identical copies of each chromosome for the two cells. C. Mitosis ensures that each cell receives one copy of the two identical sister chromatids created during S phase. D. Both A and B are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical. E. Both A and C are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical. 16. (Problem 11, part 1) For the stages of meiosis I below, which is incorrectly matched to a major event that takes place during that stage? A. Prophase I—synapsis B. Metaphase I—homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane of the metaphase plate C. Anaphase I—separation of sister chromatids D. Telophase I—separated chromosomes reach spindle poles at opposite ends of the cell .

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Lab Template Week 4: Meiosis Submitted by: <your name here> As you complete the lab, record your answers in this template. Save the document as LastName_FirstName_BIO1020_W4A3, and submit it to the Dropbox. Full lab instructions and the rubric with which you will be evaluated can be found in the online classroom. Activity Cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes involves either mitosis or, in the case of sex cells, meiosis. Mitosis involves the reproduction of a cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, however, is a reduction division where a parental diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. Upon fusion, two haploid gametes (in humans the sperm and the egg) will result in one diploid zygote. In this activity you will track chromosomes through meiosis using colored beads. Experiment 1 Questions 1. Why is crossing over important in heredity? (10 points) 2. Provide two ways that meiosis I and meiosis II are diﬀerent. (10 points) 3. (10 points) a. In the lab, how many chromosomes were present in each cell when meiosis I started? b. How many chromosomes were present in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis II? 4. If humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following (10 points): Sperm: Egg: Daughter cell from mitosis: Daughter cell from meiosis II: 5. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number of gametes, but not of other cells of an organism? (10 points) 41 Meiosis Lab 4 42 Lab 4: Meiosis 43 Introduc on Meiosis only occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually. The process generates haploid (1n) cells called gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells in fe- males), or spores in some plants, fungi, and pro sts, that contain one complete set of chromosomes. Haploid cells fuse together during fer liza on to form a diploid cell with two copies of each chromosome (2n). Genes are the units of heredity that have speciÞc loci (loca ons) on the DNA strand and code for inheritable traits (such as hair color). Alleles are alterna ve forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue eyes). Homol- ogous chromosomes contain the same genes as each other but o en di erent alleles. Non-sex cells (e.g. bone, heart, skin, liver) contain two alleles (2n), one from the sperm and the other from the egg. Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many ways. Meiosis, however, has two rounds of division—meiosis I and meiosis II. There is no replica on of the DNA between meiosis I and II. Thus in meiosis, the parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with just a single set of chromosomes (1n). Meiosis I is the reduc on division– the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated so that each daughter cell will receive just one set of chromosomes. During meiosis II, sister chroma ds are separated (as in mitosis). Concepts to explore: Meiosis Diploid cells Haploid cells ...

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1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis. There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can remember?) TIA :) Solution Explanation:- Variation in meiosis:- During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1 from each pair in the diploid cell). At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23 pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations. Benefits of Meiosis:- 1. New Cell Generation- The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and 50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics. 2. DNA Replication The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents. 3. Genetic Variation With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different genetic material and structure. With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring. ‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic composition. Meiosis Stages:- Prophase I Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes pulled apart Telophase I Nuclear Envelope reforms Cytokinesis I Cell splits into two Prophase II Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles Metaphase II Chromoso.

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1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas prokaryotes have no nucleus. B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have only one. C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA. D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not. E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some genes for prokaryotes. 2. Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction? A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied. B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another. C. The cell must divide. D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction. 3. What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome? A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids 4. The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the _____________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 5. The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the chromosomes are the ______________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 6. _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M E. Telophase 7. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where additional biochemical reactions take place preparing the cell for mitosis. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M E. Telophase 8. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where DNA replication takes place. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M E. Telophase 9. What are checkpoints? A. Key transition points in the cell cycle that lead to cancer B. Periods during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are in good working order C. Transition points during the process of replication that allow DNA repair D. The last process that occurs before a cell divides E. Critical points that ensure correct and complete cytokinesis 10. What is the stage in mitosis when sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell. A. Prophase B. Prometaphase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase E. Telophase 11. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of the cell. A. prophase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. anaphase E. telophase 12. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes ini.

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1) A diploid organism has a 2n=8, how many individual chromosomal structures will align on the metaphase plate during each of the following stages: Briefly describe each structure. A. Mitosis B. Meiosis I C. Meiosis II 2. Indicate how many genetically different sperm each of the following males could produce? All alleles are independently assorting. A. AA Bb Cc DD B. Aa Bb Cc Dd Solution 1. Metaphase is the second phase of cell cycle in between the prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosome gets attached to the spindle fibres and they align theselves in the centre of the cell. a. Mitosis: Mitosis is the division of all the chromosomes. In this 8 chromosomes will align at the metaphase plate. b. Meiosis I: Meiosis I is similar to mitosis except the chromosomes are not all identical (homologous recombination). So, 8 chromosomes will align at metaphase plate. c. Meiosis II: It is second divsion after meiosis I, where the egg and sperm cells are formed and they have only 1n of the DNA. So, 4 chromosomes will align at the metaphase plate. 2. AA Bb Cc DD: It will produce 4 diferent gametes which are ABCD,ABcD, AbCD,AbcD. AaBbCcDd: It will produce 10 different gametes..

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Chapter2...>2> 2. (Problem 3) Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction? A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied. B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another. C. The cell must divide. D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction. 3. (Problem 4 part 1): What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome? A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids 4. (Problem 4 part 2 ) The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the _____________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 5. (Problem 4 part 3) The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the chromosomes are the ______________________. A. telomeres B. origins of replication C. centromeres D. kinetochore proteins E. histone proteins 6. (Problem 6, part 1) _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M E. Telophase 15. (Problem 10) Why are the two cells produced by the cell cycle genetically identical? A. An exact copy of each DNA molecule was created in S phase giving rise to the two identical sister chromatids. B. Chromosomal replication in prophase ensures two identical copies of each chromosome for the two cells. C. Mitosis ensures that each cell receives one copy of the two identical sister chromatids created during S phase. D. Both A and B are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical. E. Both A and C are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical. 16. (Problem 11, part 1) For the stages of meiosis I below, which is incorrectly matched to a major event that takes place during that stage? A. Prophase I—synapsis B. Metaphase I—homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane of the metaphase plate C. Anaphase I—separation of sister chromatids D. Telophase I—separated chromosomes reach spindle poles at opposite ends of the cell E. Prophase I—genetic recombination through crossing over 17. (Problem 11, part 2) For the stages of meiosis II below, which is incorrectly matched to the major event that takes place during that stage? A. Prophase II—spindle fibers form B. Metaphase II—homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the metaphase II plate C. Anaphase II—sister chromatids separate D. Telophase II—spindle fibers breakdown E. Prophase II—nuclear envelope breaks down 18. (Problem 12) What are the major results of meiosis? A. Production of hapl.

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