LOCAL POLITICS
consists not merely of local activities
which relate to national political matters,
but it involves a degree of choice to be
made within the boundaries of the local
unit of government relative to the
selection of office holders and the making
and execution of public policy

 Citizen participation is a process which provides private
individual’s an opportunity to influence public decisions and
has long been a component of the democratic decision making
process. The roots of citizen participation can be traced to
ancient Greece and colonial new England before the 1960’s,
Government processes and procedures were designed to
facilitate external participation.

 The citizens participation is the active participation of the
citizens in the society which includes all forms of participation,
political social, cultural or economical as well as the contribution
between them, for example:
 Social economic or social cultural

 Voting in local, state and national election
 Participating in a political discussion
 Trying to persuade someone to vote a certain way
 Signing petition
 Writing letters to elected representatives
 Contributing money to party or candidate

 Attending meetings to gain information, discuss issue or lend
support
 Campaigning for a Candidate
 Demonstrating through marches, boycott, sit-ins or other forms
of protest
 Serving as a juror
 Running for office
 Holding public office
 Serving the country through military or other services.

 Types of Government are:
 Autocracy
 The oldest form of government
 Maintain power through inheritance or ruthless use of military and
police power
 Citizens have no ability to participate in the selection of the ruler or in
the creation of laws.
 Has a single ruler with unlimited power
 One benefit of this type of government is that decision for a country can
be made quickly
 The power to rule is inherited or by military force.

 A. Dictatorship
 The leader has not been elected and uses force to control all aspects of
social and economic life.
B. Absolute Monarchy
A monarchy has a king, Queen, Emperor or Empress
The power is usually inherited or passed down from family members.

 2. Oligarchy
 A government in which a few people such as dominant clan have power
 The citizen do not participate in the government
3. Democracy
citizens vote for secret ballot
individual freedom and equality is valued
free election are held
all citizens are involved in the decision-making process of the government and
all groups are represented

CIVIL SOCIETY
“comprises organizations that are
not associated with government.”
01

Participatory
Engagement
Constitutiona
l Authority
Moral
Responsibility
THREE PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL
SOCIETY:

“ people empowerment entails
the creation of a parallel system
of people’s organizations as
government partner in decision
making…”

“ because of civil society the
origin of sovereignty of one
state is its citizens”

ARTICLE XIII
Section 15
The State shall respect the role of
independent people's organizations to
enable the people to pursue and protect,
within the democratic framework, their
legitimate and collective interests and
aspirations through peaceful and lawful
means.

ARTICLE XIII
Section 16
The right of the people and their
organizations to effective and reasonable
participation at all levels of social,
political, and economic decision-making
shall not be abridged. The State shall, by
law, facilitate the establishment of
adequate consultation mechanisms.

Civil Society composed of:
- Kilos protesta
- Lipunang pagkilos
- Voluntary organization

VOLUNTARY
ORGANIZATIONS
2
1
Grassroots Organization
People’s Organization
(PO’s)
Grassroot Support
Organizations
Or Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs)

.
43
protecting nature
and preserving life
professional development,
economic opportunities, and
creative solutions to address
problems across all levels of
society.
provide quality life-saving services
that protect the life and dignity
especially of indigent Filipinos in
vulnerable situations.
delivers food assistance in
emergencies to those most in need
and works with communities to
improve nutrition and build
resilience.

Projects for the
Poor
Financial Assistance
to the People
Oraganizations for
the people in need
Legal and
medical Service
Composed of
Professionals
and other
Academic sector
TANGO
INTERNATIONAL
FUNDANGOS
(Funding-Agency
NGO’s)
DJANGOS
(Development,
Justice &
Advocay NGO’s)
PACO (Professional,
Academic & Civic
Organizations)

Local Government and Public Sector
Collaboration
By: Maximo L. Ruena Jr.
Discussant

Local Government and Public Sector
Collaboration
Local Government
• is the system of electing representatives to be responsible for the
administration of public services and facilities in a particular area
(ex. Province, City/Municipality, and Barangay).
Private Sector
• is the sector of a nation’ economy that consists of businesses and
industries that are not owned or regulated by the government.
Collaboration
• is a working practice whereby individuals work together for a
common purpose to achieve business benefit.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARNERSHIPS (PPPs)
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) involve collaboration
between a government agency and a private-sector company
that can be used to finance, build, and operate project, such as
public transportation networks, parts, and convention centers.
Financing a project through a PPP can allow a project to be
completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place.

Kinds of PPPs Agreement
1. Build-Operate-and-Transfer (BOT)
2. Build-and-Transfer (BT)
3. Build-Own-and-Operate (BOO)
4. Build-Lease-and-Transfer (BLT)
5. Build-Transfer-and-Operate (BTO)
6. Contract-Add-and-Operate (CAO)
7. Develop-Operate-and-Transfer (DOT)
8. Rehabilitate-Operate-and-Transfer (ROT)
9. Rehabilitate-Own-and-Operate (ROO)

Role of the Private Proponent Role of the Government Notes/Remarks
• Finances and constructs;
operates and maintains facility
for a fixed term; collects fees
a n d c h a r g e s t o r e c o v e r
investments plus profit; transfers
facility at the end of cooperation
period (maximum of 50 years).
• P r o v i d e s f r a n c h i s e ( i f
required) and regulates
activities of BOT contractor;
acquires ownership of facilities
at the end of cooperation
period.
• Includes a supply-and-
operate scheme, a
contractual
arrangement whereby
the supplier of
equipment and
machinery for a given
infrastructure facility, if
the interest of the
Government so requires,
operates the facility.
Build-Operate-and-Transfer (BOT)
Ex.: Mandaluyong City
Public Market
CCTO

• Finances and constructs; turns
over ownership of the facility to
government after project
completion.
• Acquires ownership of facility
after construction; compensates
p r o p o n e n t a t a g r e e d
amortization schedule.
• May be employed in
any project, including
critical facilities which,
for security or
strategic reasons,
must be operated by
the Government.
Build-and-Transfer (BT)
Ex.: Mandaluyong City
Public Market
CCTO

• Finances, constructs and owns
facility; operates and maintains
facility in perpetuity (facility
operator may be assigned);
collects fees and charges to
recover investment and profits.
• Provides authorization and
assistance in securing approval
of BOO contract; possesses the
o p t i o n t o b u y t h e
output/service provided by the
BOO operator.
• All BOO projects upon
recommendation of the
NIDA-ICC shall be
approved by the
President of the
Philippines.
Build-Own-and-Operate (BOO)
CCTO

Build-Own-and-Operate (BOO)
CCTO

• Finances and constructs; turns
over project after completion;
transfers ownership of facility
after cooperation/lease period.
• Compensates proponent by
way of lease of facility at
agreed term and schedule;
o w n s f a c i l i t y a f t e r
cooperation/lease period.
• Akin to Lease-to-Own
Build-Lease-and-Transfer (BLT)
Ex.: San Jose de Buenavista, Antique
Public Market
CCTO

PREPARED BY : MA. RENA JANE B.
Advantages &
Disadvantages
of Public And
P r i v a t e
Partnership

Republic Act No.
7718
"An Act Authorizing The
Financing, Construction,
O p e r a t i o n , A n d
M a i n t e n a n c e O f
Infrastructure Projects By
R . A .
§ A p r i l 2 6 ,
2022
R . A .

Advantages of Public and Private
Partnership
Ensure the necessary investments into a public
sector and more effective public resources
management.
Ensure higher quality and timely provision of public
services.
Most investment projects are implemented in due
terms and do not impose unforeseen public sector
extra expenditures.

A private entity is granted the opportunity to obtain
a long-term remuneration.
Private sector expertise and experience are utilized
in PPP project implementation.
Advantages of Public and Private
Partnership

Disadvantages of Public and Private
Partnership
Infrastructure or services delivered could be more
expensive.
PPP service procurement procedure is longer and
more costly in comparison with traditional public
procurement.
PPP project agreements are long-term, complicated
a n d c o m p a r a t i v e l y i n f l e x i b l e b e c a u s e o f
impossibility to envisage and evaluate all particular
events that could influence the future activity.

1. Defects in the political system, such as Constitutional provisions which create a
very strong presidency, which make it difficult to remove him/her from office in
spite of her/his unpopular and questionable political decisions; strong
presidency which controls politics and economic power (executive, legislative,
judicial) of government.
Rules of procedure in impeachment proceedings (15th congress, 2010)
b. House of Action, Section 10.Vote Required for Approval – A vote of at least one-
third (1/3) of all Members of the House is necessary for the approval of the resolution
setting forth the Articles of Impeachment. If the resolution is approved by the
required vote, it shall then be endorsed to the Senate for its trial.

2. Bureaucracy, nepotism, massive graft and corruption in the government.
a. Bureaucracy - involving complicated rules and procedures which can cause long
delays. Diplomats believe that bureaucratic delays are inevitable.
b. Executive Order No. 111, s. 1937 - All appointments in the National, provincial
and municipal governments or in any branch and instrumentality thereof,
whether in the classified or unclassified service, made in the favor of a relative of
the appointing authority or of the persons exercising immediate supervision
over him, are hereby prohibited. (NEPOTISM)
c. Republic Act No. 3019 – Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices (PORK BARREL)
d. Republic Act No. 9485 – Anti Red Tape Act of 2007 (FIXERS)

3. Graft and corruption practices before, during, and after elections. For instance,
vote buying and “dagdag-bawas” practices in the counting of votes. (Points Shaving)
§ “In a news conference, Marcos’ representatives pointed out a discrepancy in the
votes of Senator Francis “Chiz” Escudero reported by GMA News.The network’s
infographic showed that as of 5:20 am May 10, Escudero’s votes went down from
4,479,913 to 4,449,038. Transparency advocate Glenn Chong, who joined Marcos’
representatives in Tuesday’s news briefing, highlighted that Escudero lost 36,442
votes; at the same time, Liberal Party bet Leni Robredo’s numbers rose to 35,000.”
- https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/132602-dagdag-bawas-vp-race-
canvassing-marcos/

4. Excessive and lavish spending during elections.
- Vote Buying
Omnibus Election Code
Sec. 261. Prohibited Acts. - The following shall be guilty of an election offense:
a. Vote-buying and vote-selling
1. Any person who gives, offers or promises money or anything of value, gives or
promises any office or employment, franchise or grant, public or private, or
makes or offers to make an expenditure, directly or indirectly, or cause an
expenditure to be made to any person, association, corporation, entity, or
community in order to induce anyone or the public in general to vote for or
against any candidate or withhold his vote in the election, or to vote for or
against any aspirant for the nomination or choice of a candidate in a convention
or similar selection process of a political party.
2. Any person, association, corporation, group or community who solicits or
receives, directly or indirectly, any expenditure or promise of any office or
employment, public or private, for any of the foregoing considerations.

5. Black propaganda, mud-slinging and other dirty tactics to discredit political
opponents.
Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it
was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with
gray propaganda, which does not identify its source, as well as white propaganda,
which does not disguise its origins at all.

6. A politics focused on personalities and not on genuine platforms of government.
Campaign Slogan VS. After Election Service

7. Lack of strong enabling laws to curb political dynasty, nepotism, political
opportunism, cronyism and the like.

8. Lack of political will on the part of government to institute genuine land reform to
provide more social services, to allocate more budget to education, to industrialize
agriculture, to reform the judiciary, to combat graft and corruption, to support local
entrepreneurs, and may others.

9. Government’s policy in adopting globalization, too much dependence on foreign
capital, entering into unequal treaties on trade and commerce and the so-called
“mutual defense” treaty.

10. Import liberalization, free trade, lifting of tariffs, lifting of protectionist policies
and the more recent adoption of liberalizing entrance of foreign entrepreneurs not
only in the production of goods but also in the rendering of services.

11. Entering into business ventures with foreign capitalist as well as the exploitation
and exploration of our natural resources.

12. Governmental policy on the export of manpower and raw materials rather than
support to local entrepreneurs.

13. Governmental reliance on foreign investors, MNC’s and TNC’s foreign debts and
foreign aid.
A Trans-National Corporation (TNC) or Multi-National Corporation MNC is a
business that is based or registered in one country but has outlets/ affiliates or does
business in other countries.

14. Government’s inability to provide more job opportunities and real living wages.

15. Inefficient tax collection and tax evasion by individual and corporate taxpayers.

ISSUES AND
CONCERNS
REGARDING
LOCAL
POLITICS https://media.philstar.com/photos/2020/07/24/freetoon_2020-07-24_23-39-42.jpg

§ Economic instability brought
about by the peso devaluation.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1185199&psig=AOvVaw37KP0FDMrYy9_kMqvBFCOf&ust=
1676074771380000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCMCEyKLXif0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAX

§ Unstable peace and order in
the country.
https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/suicide-bomb-suspect-indonesia-philippines-01152021160026.html

§ Military abuses, police brutality
and violation of human rights.
https://sites.google.com/site/examiningpolicebrutality/_/rsrc/1268850996848/home/cops.jpg

§ Political bickering and
political grandstanding among
the nation’s leaders.
https://www.pinoyexpose.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ed-cartoon-21-for-web-e1602481278898.jpg

§ Privatization and
commercialization of
government-owned or
controlled corporations.
https://futurecio.tech/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Meralco.jpg

§ Traditional bonds of political
patronage.
http://www.cdpi.asia/cdpi/uploads/800b4e8e514e13f9e46d4db7de89f1b8.png

§ The issue on Charter Change
and shift to the Parliamentary
System of Government.
https://www.ibon.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/econ-chacha-photo-848x478.png

§ Legitimate collective mass
movements and the killings of
media people allegedly committed
to silence the critics of the
government.
https://www.getrealphilippines.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/07/philippine_opposition-5-460x283.jpg
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F06%2F07%2Fun-special-
rapporteurs-duterte-stand-assassination-of-journalists.html&psig=AOvVaw0zzEiW6LEmdYM7FkffOP-
M&ust=1676422893418000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCIC6rZzok_0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

§ Alleged meddling of the
church in the political affairs
of the country.
https://www.john15.rocks/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/politics-church.jpg

§ Culture of political
concessions for mutual
rewards and benefits.
https://hbswk.hbs.edu/PublishingImages/norton-shake.jpg

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