1.
INTRODUCTION
Guidance & counselling are twin concepts & have emerged as essential elements of
every educational activity.
Guidance & counselling are not synonymous term. Counselling is a part of guidance.
 Guidance, in educational context, means to indicate, point out, show the way, lead out &
direct.
Counselling is a specialized service of guidance. It is the process of helping individuals
learn more about themselves & their present & possible future situations to make a
substantial contribution to the society.

2.
ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS
(SOLER SITTING)

3.
DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE
1. Guidance is an assistance made available by a competent counselor to an individual
of any age to help him direct his own life, develop his own point of view, make his own
decision & carry his own burden. - Hamrin & Erikson
2. Guidance is a process of helping every individual, through his own effort to discover &
develop his potentialities for his personal happiness & social usefulness. - Ruth Strang

4.
DEFINITION OF COUNSELLING
1. Counseling is essentially a process in which the counselor assists the counselee to
make interpretations of facts relating to a choice, plan or adjustment which he needs
to make. - Glenn F. Smith
2. Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the individual which aims to offer him
assistance in changing his attitude & behaviors. - Carl Rogers

5.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
1) Nature:
Guidance = Preventive
Counselling = Remedial and curative
2) Deals with:
Guidance = Education and carrier related issues
Counseling = Personal and socio-psychological issues

6.
3) Provided by:
Guidance = Any superior or an expert
Counseling = A person who possess professional training
4) Privacy:
Guidance = Open and less private
Counseling = Always confidential
5) Approach:
Guidance = Comprehensive and extrovert
Counseling = In depth and introvert

7.
6) What it does?
Guidance = It asses the person in choosing the best alternatives
Counseling = It tends to change the perspective to help get him the solution by
self.
7) Mode:
Guidance = One to one or one to many
Counseling = Always one to one
8) Decision making:
Guidance = By guide
Counseling = By the client

8.
SCOPE OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING
1. Guidance and Counselling for situational crisis.
2. Guidance and counselling for social/ emotional/ physical/ moral rebuilding.
3. Guidance and Counselling for educational/ vocational purpose.
4. Guidance and counselling for marital issues.
5. Guidance and counselling for chronic and fatal illnesses.
6. Guidance and counselling for occupational purpose.

9.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
1. Guidance and counseling is universal requirement: It is required by all individuals at all
stages of his development irrespective of age ,sex , caste , and status etc.
2. Goal oriented: it is one of the planned activity which is carried out by the counselor
and counselee to attain the goal.
3. Continuous process: It cannot be restricted to problem solving situation only, the
services are not just problem oriented. It is given for the normal student too as it aims
for all around development of the student.

10.
4. Evidence: It based on the reliable data ,therefore ,have adequate evidence before
starting the process . there are several important psychological and non psychological
test are used for gatherer information about an individual.
5. Growth and development: The counselor has to take into consideration of the
individual stages when they plan for services and it is also not restricted to any
particular developmental stage.
6. Professional activity: It should not be carried out by anybody but should be rendered
by the trained professional only . which requires trained on the part of the counselor.
7. Prevention as well as cure: Guidance should be organized to deal not only with
serious problem after they arise , but also with causes of such problems , in order to
prevent them from arising or to prepare the student better to solve the problem.

11.
8) Flexibility: There is no rigid procedure , techniques and approaches used in this
service since it takes into consideration of principle of individual difference.
9) Cause and Effect: It accepts that problems have causes and inter-related , so a deep
knowledge of causes is essential. Counseling services aims at identifying the cause
which leads to the present problem so that services can be rendered to the student to
alleviate the problem.
10) Development of insight: By accurate guide for his problems.

12.
ELEMENTS OF GUIDANCE
It focus our attention on the individual and not the problem.
Guidance leads to the discovery of abilities of an individual.
Guidance is based upon the assets and limitations of an individual.
Guidance leads to self- development and self directions.
Guidance helps the individual to plan wisely for the present and the future.
Guidance assists the individual to become adjusted to the environment.
Guidance assists to achieve success and happiness.

13.
GUIDANCE GIVEN BY FOLLOWING PERSONNEL
1. Teacher 7. Warden
2. Advisor 8. Liaison officer
3. Dean 9. Gym instructor
4. Parents 10. Counsellors
5. Library staff 11. Psychiatrists
6. Medical staff 12. Psychologists
NOTE:
Counsellor can provide Guidance BUT Counseling is done only with the professional
personnel's and NOT just by the persons who are elder, or at some respective designations.
Hence, Counseling is an professional activity which requires professional personnel to act in.
Whereas, Guidance can be given by Senior or experienced person. E.g.- Parents.

14.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELLING
1. It is a purposeful learning experience for the counselee.
2. It is the purposeful oriented and private interview between the counselor and
counselee
3. Based on mutual confidence satisfactory relationship will be establish.
4. Counselling process is structured around the felt needs of the counselee.
5. Main emphasis in the counselling process is on the counselee's self-direction and self
acceptance.
6. It is only one aspect of guidance

15.
COUNSELLING PROCESS
(ACCORDING TO WILLIAMSON AND DARLEY)
1. IPR: Building Interpersonal relationship.
2. Assessment: Analysis & Synthesis of problem.
3. Diagnosis: Prioritizing the problems.
4. Intervention: Setting goals and planning counselling.
5. Termination: Evaluation, Follow- up and referral.

16.
FORMS OF COUNSELLING
Sr.
no.
Forms Description
1. Centralization counselling
services
The entire responsibilities of the guidance & counselling
services is vested upon a group of trained personnel of the
department of guidance & counselling services
2. Decentralization counselling
services
The responsibilities of the counselling services is vested
upon teachers
3. Combination of centralized
& decentralized counselling
services
In this mixed form, guidance & counselling services are
provided by teachers & expert collectively.

17.
TYPES / TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING
1. Directive counseling: This counseling also known as prescriptive or counselor -
centered counseling because in which counselor have an important role on solving the
problem by giving emphasis on the problem. counselor is supposed to be an
authoritative person and he have to identifies, defines, diagnoses and provides a
solution to the problem.
2. Nondirective counseling: This type of counseling is also known as client centered
counseling.in which counselee is the active participant and counselor is the passive
participant. The counselee is the pivot, he takes an active part in the process of
therapy he gains insight into his problem with the help of the counselor. He only
decides and takes necessary action.

18.
3. Short- term counseling: This kind of counseling is used in situational crisis which can
lead disruption of life. which concern of the client or family of community it can be
relatively minor concern or major crisis, but whatever the situation, it needs immediate
attention. Counselors will assist the client and guides problem-solving in a systematic
way or decision making in logical way.
4. Long- term counseling: It extends over a prolonged period of time, it may varies, daily,
weekly or monthly basis. It is focused for the client who experiences developmental
crisis may need long- term counseling. (which can occurs during person can passes
through the developmental stages) like women with menopause, women with breast
feeding.

19.
5. Eclectic counseling: The counselor will use both directive and non directive counseling
methods for the purpose of modifying the ides and attitude of the counselee to know
the clients emotional expression. The techniques are elective in nature because they
have been derived from all sources of counseling.
6. Clinical counseling: It is used for the diagnosis and treatment of mind functional
maladjustments and to find better adjustment and self- expression. A relationship
primarily individual, face to face between counselor and client. It describes the
problem and also suggests the solution or remedies for the problem.
7. Student counseling: It is concerned with helping the student to solving his problem
pertaining to the choice of educational institute, courses, methods of study,
adjustment, vocational choice, etc.

20.
8. Placement counseling: In which counselee in regard to job and posts which are
suitable to the client depend upon his abilities, attitude and interests.
9. Psychological counseling: In which simply on conversation between client and
therapist. This may take in the form of questions and answers, reconstruction of past
history or discussion of current difficulties. It consists of catharsis by the patient or the
therapist make an initiative in making the patient to speak out his repressed felling's
and emotions.
10. Psychotherapeutic counseling: Psychologically trained individual consciously attempts
verbally to assists the other persons to modify emotional attitudes which the subject is
aware of the personality recognition through which he is undergoing.

21.
PURPOSES OF CONDECTING COUNSELING SESSION IN NURSING
1. To help adolescent with normal developmental problems.
2. To help for prevention of temporary crisis.
3. To identify sign of disturbed behavior at the earliest.
4. To refer cases to specialist (if it is needed) for treatment.
5. To facilitate communication with in and nursing school, home and communities and the resources.
6. To support tutors by giving intimation regarding the student and help him with accurate guidance and
reassurance.
7. To have a well organized structure covering the three major functions of the program.
 Adjustment,
 Orientation, and
 Developmental guidance.

22.
COUNSELLING COMMITTEE
1. Administrator
2. Principal / Dean
3. Counsellor / Liaison officer
4. Deputy chief of counselling section
5. Counselling personnel/ Counsellor
6. Vocational guidance officer
7. Teacher / Faculty from different departments.
8. Hostel warden / Librarian
9. Students representatives
10. Parents

23.
TOOLS USED FOR COUNSELLING
Sr.
no.
Non- testing tools Testing tools
1. Interview Psychological tests like;
 Aptitude test
 Intelligence test
 Personality test
 Abilities test
2. Observation
3. Cumulative record
4. Anecdotal record
5. Autobiography
6. Sociometry Evaluatory observational techniques
7. Personal diary

24.
QUALIFICATIONOF AN PROFESSIONAL COUNSELOR
1) Academic :
 MA in psychology
 BA, B.Ed., M.Ed.
2) Good liberal education and knowledge of sociology, psychology, economy and
history.
3) Should have adequate experience of being good successful guide.
4) Should have experience to evaluate according to counseling tools, techniques and
stages.

25.
BARRIERS OF COUNSELLING
1. Physical Barriers
Physical barriers refer to environmental factors that prevent or reduce opportunities for the
communication process to occur.
 They include:
• A counseling room which does not offer privacy
• Poor lighting
• Dirty and untidy room
• Distracting noise
• Extreme temperatures
• Uncomfortable seating arrangement
• Distractions in the room such as equipment and visual aids
• Objects and chemicals which are dangerous to the patient/client.

26.
2. Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication involves all the little things you do while you talk to a
patient/client.
 It includes:
• Gesturing
• Frowning
• Showing signs of boredom or humour
• Showing signs of disgust
• Displaying signs of despise towards a client
• Nodding the head
• Shaking the head

27.
3. Barriers caused by patient/client
Let us now look at some of the barriers that may be caused by a patient/client.
 These are:
• Lack of interest in being counselled
• Patient’s/client’s appearance to you (impression)
• Patient/client’s emotions

28.
THANK YOU