4. Most evidence in the
humanitarian sphere is in the
weakest categories or outside
the pyramid altogether
5. Expert Opinion
• Consensus Statements Regarding the
Multidisciplinary Care of Limb Amputation Patients
in Disasters or Humanitarian Emergencies: Report of
the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit Surgical
Working Group on Amputations Following Disasters
or Conflict
• Delphi Studiens
10. RCT
Sibbald B, BMJ 1998;316:201
• the most rigorous way of determining
whether a cause-effect relation exists
between intervention and outcome and
• for assessing the cost effectiveness of an
intervention.
14. Convenience sampling
• Using those who are willing to
volunteer, or cases which are presented to
you as a sample.
15. Judgement sampling
• Based on deliberate choice and excludes
any random process.
• Normal application is for small samples
from a population that is well understood
and there is a clear method for picking the
sample.
• Is used to provide illustrative examples or
case studies.
16. Simple random sampling
• Ensures every member of the population
has an equal chance of selection.
• Produces defensible estimates of the
population and sampling error.
• Simple sample design and interpretation.
17. Cluster sampling
Units in the population can often be found in geographical groups or clusters. A
random sample of clusters is taken, then all units within those clusters are
examined.
• Quicker, easier and cheaper than other forms of random sampling.
• Does not require complete population information.
• Useful for face-to-face interviews.
• Works best when each cluster can be regarded as a microcosm of the
population.
• Larger sampling error than other forms of random sampling.
• If clusters are not small it can become expensive.
• A larger sample size may be
needed to compensate for
greater sampling error.
18. Why is evidence ignored?
• Evidence influencing policy
• Policy influencing evidence
• We've always done it this way…
• ……and it’s done no harm (regardless of
the evidence)
• Maybe the evidence was always there….
19. Epidemiology/statistics
• Observation
• Pattern Recognition
• Cause and effect or coincidence
• Change of practice
20. CONFIDENCE
INTERVALS (CI)
MEAN VALUE
You have a 95%
confidence that
the TRUE VALUE
should fall
between the CI if
the study is
repeated multiple
times in a similar
population
95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
26. What you have to evaluate
adapted from DFID WASH Evaluation 2011
• Internal validity – was what they did good
enough?
• External validity – relevance to you?
• Can you implement it ?
• Sustainability?
• Wider impact?
• COST
28. Humanitarian
• Historically draws on concept of
compassion, individuality and reform
(transformation)
• It is evidence and evaluation that will help
us reform and lead us to prevention