1. Ancient Greece was located on a mountainous peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea near other major powers like Egypt and Persia. 2. The mountainous terrain led Greek city-states to develop independently and frequently fight each other, while also necessitating technological developments like naval ships and aqueducts. 3. Athens was a direct democracy where male citizens could participate directly in political decisions, in contrast to the oligarchy in Sparta led by kings or the monarchy form of rule in other city-states.