types of resarch

1. Types of Research-Research Methodology
Anisha Lalu
1
Table of Content
• Types of Research
• Brief description of types of research
• Examples for each type

2. 2
Table of Content
• Types of Research
• Brief description of types of research
• Examples for each type
https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/types-of-research/#

3. 3
Types of
Research
Application
Objectives
Type of
information
sought
Sources of
data
Applied
Pure(Basic)
Explanatory
Descriptive
Exploratory
Co-relational
Quantitative
Qualitative
Primary
Secondary
Scientific study and research that seeks to resolve practical problems
Research is driven by scientists curiosity or interest in a scientific
question
Research that provides accurate description of characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or group(statistical research)
Conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined
Systematic investigation or statistical study of relationship among two
or more variables without necessarily determining cause & effect
Systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical,
mathematical or computational techniques
Deals with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify
mathematically such as beliefs ,meanings, attributes & symbols
research that we have gather and found by ourselves
Secondary research is when the person is getting research through
online such as the internet, books from the library and much more
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur

4. 4
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Applied Research/action research
• Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems
• Used to find solution to everyday problems, cure diseases & develop innovative technologies
• Applied researchers may investigate ways to
1. Improve agricultural crop production
2. Treat or cure a special disease
3. Improve energy efficiency of homes, offices or mode of transportation
Example 1
• Eclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality in Bangladesh.
• From the clinical observations in Bangladesh and elsewhere, it is observed that the early cesarean section may
nullify the violent effect of this grave disease.
• To date, no such study has been undertaken in our country. It is proposed that a comparative study between
Caesarean section and Vaginal delivery in Eclamsia be undertaken.
• The study will help to reduce the maternal and prenatal mortality considerably and thus improve our health
status
Example 2
• Covid 19 vaccine
• There are three COVID-19 vaccines for which certain national regulatory authorities have authorized the use.
None have yet received WHO EUL/PQ authorization but we expect an assessment on the Pfizer vaccine by the
end of December

5. 5
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Pure research/Basic Research/Fundamental Research
• This research is concerned with generalization and formulation of theory
• It is done for the intellectual pleasure on learning and it has no commercial value attached to the discoveries
that result from basic research.
• This type of research has limited direct applications but in which researcher has careful control over the
research setting
• It involves collection and analysis of data to develop or enhances theory and have an understanding of
theoretical relationship between variables
• Example 1
• How America was formed?
• What are protons ,neutrons and electrons composed of?
Example in health
• An investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus.
• An investigation into the causative factors of malaria
• An investigation into the secondary symptoms of high blood pressure
Example in Psychology
• Do stress levels make individuals more aggressive?
• To what extent does caffeine consumption affect classroom concentration?
• A research on behavioral differences between children raised by separated families and children raised by
married parents.
• To what extent do gender stereotypes trigger depression?

6. 6
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Comparison of Applied Research and Pure Research

7. 7
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Correlation Research
• Systematic investigation or statistical study of relationship among two or more variables without necessarily
determining cause & effect
• It seeks to establish a relation/association/correlation between two or more variables that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental manipulation
Advantages
• Can collect much information from many subjects at one time
• Can study wide range of variables
• Study variables that cannot be studied in laboratories
Disadvantages
• Problems with self report method
• Correlation does not indicate causation(cause and effect)
• Example 1
• To test hypothesis of “listening to music reduces blood pressure levels”
• There are 2 ways of conducting research
1. Experimental-group samples and make one group listen music and then
compare their BP levels
1. Survey-ask people how they feel? How often they listen?

8. 8
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Descriptive Research
• It includes fact-finding enquiries of different kinds such as what, why, when, who, how and all.
• The main aim of this research is description of the characteristics of a phenomena at present.
• This research has no control over the variable only have to report what is happening or what has happened
• For description researchers use frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations
• The methods used by this researchers involves survey method of all kind including comparative and
correlational method
• Example 1
• The periodic table categorizes the elements is an example of descriptive research
• Example 2
• Finding most frequent disease that effect children
of a town
Advantages
• Less expensive and time consuming
• Collect large amount of notes for detailed studying
• The people/individual studied is unaware so they
act naturally or they do in every day situation
Disadvantages
• Requires more skills
• Response rate is low
• Result can change over period of time

9. 9
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Exploratory Research
• Conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined
• An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier studies to refer
to
• The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation or undertaken when problem are in a
preliminary stage of investigation
• Gathers preliminary information that will help to define a problem and suggest a hypothesis
• It commonly use unstructured interview
• It involves generation of new ideas and assumption, development of tentative theories or hypothesis but
conclusions cannot be drawn even though it provide direction for future research and techniques
• Can be quite informal type
Example
1.The favorite crime investigation TV programs (e.g., Crime Patrol, Arjun, Savdhaan India, etc) give a pretty good
example of the research design. These shows typically start with a crime that needs to be investigated. The initial
step is to look for hints which can help establish what has happened (exploratory). The clues found in the
exploratory phase of the research usually point in the direction of a specific hypothesis or explanation of the
events which happened, and investigators start focusing their efforts in this direction, performing interviews with
witnesses and suspects (descriptive).
2. An advertising company got an account for a new coffee containing chicory, the company started the
investigation process with exploratory research in order to identify the situation. The researchers found that
virtually no one had heard about chicory. It wasn’t being used, and no-one seemed to know how to put it to use.
This resulted in the hypothesis that the advertising could depict the chicory ingredient in whatever way the
customer desired

10. 10
Methodology of Exploratory research

11. 11
Source : Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
Explanatory Research
• Conducted for a problem which was not well researched before,demands priorities,generates operational
definitions and provides a better researched models
• Focus on explaining aspects of your study in a detailed manner
Explanatory research types
1. Literature research
2. In depth study of every single problem
3. Focus group research
4. Case analysis research
Analytical Research
• This research mainly carrying out analysis on a phenomena and which involves secondary data
• The aim of this research is to understand phenomena by discovering and measuring causal relations among
them
• Here the researcher use facts or information’s readily available to them in order to analyze to make a critical
evaluation of the context
• It work within the constraints variables. It also tries to explain existing state of affairs from available data
• How can the absentee rate among employees be reduced? It is an example of analytical research
Examples
• How can number of customer complaints be reduced
• How can be absentees rate of workers be reduced

12. 12
Quantitative Research
• Based on measurement of quantity or amount
• Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity
• Systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques
• To develop and employ mathematical models, theories
Advantages
• Allow researchers to measure and analyse data
Disadvantages
• Context of study or experiment is ignored
• Does not study things in natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people
• Large sample must be studied for accurate data
for example
• Frequency of shopping, preferences of people or similar data
Source : research methodology,methods and techniques,second edition,C.R Kothari,pg no: 5 to 7

13. 13
Qualitative Research
• Concerned with qualitative phenomena, phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind
• Aims at discovering underlying motives and desires,using in-depth interviews for the purpose
• Aim to gather in-depth understanding of topics
• Investigates why and how of decision making not just what,where ,when?
Advantages
• Enables more complex aspects of a persons experience to be studied
• Fewer restrictions or assumptions are placed on the data to be collected
Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• More difficult to determine the validity
• Data overload-more time to analyse data
for example
• Motivation research
• on successfully interviewing female customers, visiting the nearby stores and malls, and selecting them
through random sampling, it was known that the store doesn’t have enough items for women and so there
were fewer women visiting the store, which was understood only by personally interacting with them and
understanding why they didn’t visit the store, because there were more male products than female ones
Source : research methodology,methods and techniques,second edition,C.R Kothari,pg no: 5 to 7

14. 14
Qualitative Research v/s Quantitative Research

15. 15
Descriptive Research
• Includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds
• Purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present
• In social science and business we quite often use the term Ex post facto research
• Most of ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to
measure such items as
for example
• Frequency of shopping, preferences of people or similar data
Analytical Research
• Researcher has to use facts or data already available and analyse these to make a critical evaluation of material
Predictive Research
• It studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else
• In diagnostic research the researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find
adequate method for measuring t along with clear cut definition of ‘population’ he wants to study
• Statistical tools used in this research design includes regression, linear regression and logistic regression
• The major areas in which predictive / diagnostic research design used include: business, marketing, clinical
setting, govt agency and all
Source : research methodology,methods and techniques,second edition,C.R Kothari,pg no: 5 to 7

16. 16
Source : research methodology,methods and techniques,second edition,C.R Kothari,pg no: 5 to 7
Conceptual Research
• Related to some abstract ideas or theory
• Generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones
for example
• Frequency of shopping, preferences of people or similar data
Empirical Research
• Relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regards for system and theory
• Data based research
• This type of research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables effect other variables n some
way
for example
• Motivation research
Field Research
• Field research takes place in a natural or real-world setting
Laboratory Research
• laboratory research takes place in a controlled and constructed setting.
Fixed Research
• In a fixed research design the subjects, timescale and location are set before data collection begins
Flexible Research
• the subjects, timescale and location develop through data collection process

17. 17
Reference
• research methodology,methods and techniques,second edition,C.R Kothari,pg no: 5 to 7
• Video Lecture,University of somalia,college of computer science and IT,prof.Mohamed nur
• https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/types-of-research/#