Ch13 outline

Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Chemistry, The Central Science , 11th edition Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E. Bursten

Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object]

How Does a Solution Form? ,[object Object]

How Does a Solution Form ,[object Object]

Energy Changes in Solution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Energy Changes in Solution ,[object Object]

Why Do Endothermic Processes Occur? ,[object Object]

Enthalpy Is Only Part of the Picture ,[object Object]

Student, Beware! ,[object Object]

Student, Beware! ,[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object]

Factors Affecting Solubility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Factors Affecting Solubility ,[object Object]

Factors Affecting Solubility ,[object Object],[object Object]

Gases in Solution ,[object Object],[object Object]

Henry’s Law ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Temperature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions

Mass Percentage ,[object Object], 100 mass of A in solution total mass of solution

Parts per Million and Parts per Billion ,[object Object], 10 6 Parts per Million (ppm) Parts per Billion (ppb) ppb =  10 9 mass of A in solution total mass of solution mass of A in solution total mass of solution

Mole Fraction (X) ,[object Object],moles of A total moles in solution X A =

Molarity (M) ,[object Object],[object Object],mol of solute L of solution M =

Molality (m) ,[object Object],mol of solute kg of solvent m =

Changing Molarity to Molality ,[object Object]

Colligative Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vapor Pressure ,[object Object]

Raoult’s Law ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression ,[object Object]

Boiling Point Elevation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object], T b is added to the normal boiling point of the solvent.

Boiling Point Elevation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object], T f is subtracted from the normal boiling point of the solvent.

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Colligative Properties of Electrolytes ,[object Object]

van’t Hoff Factor ,[object Object]

van’t Hoff Factor ,[object Object],[object Object]

Osmosis ,[object Object],[object Object]

Osmotic Pressure ,[object Object],where M is the molarity of the solution. If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of a membrane (i.e., the concentrations are the same), the solutions are isotonic . n V  = ( ) RT = M RT

Osmosis in Blood Cells ,[object Object],[object Object]

Osmosis in Cells ,[object Object],[object Object]

Tyndall Effect ,[object Object],[object Object]

Colloids in Biological Systems ,[object Object]

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