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CHILDHOOD
PSYCHIATRIC
DISORDERS

Dr. Rebwar Ghareeb Hama
Psychiatrist
University of Sulaimani
School of Medicine

                          2
Classification
  1.    Learning Disorders
  2.    Motor Skills Disorders
  3.    Communication Disorders
  4.    Pervasive Developmental Disorders
  5.    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
  6.    Disruptive Behavior Disorders
  7.    Feeding & Eating Disorders
  8.    Tic Disorders
  9.    Elimination Disorders
  10.   Other Disorders: like separation anxiety
        disorder, elective mutism ,etc…
  11.   Mood Disorders
  12.   Substance Abuse

                                                    3
   Must be familiar with normal development and
    remember what is normal for one age may be a
    problem for another
    ◦ Example: Tantrum Behavior
       2 year old ~ normal and expected behavior
       12 year old ~ not expected within normal development


   Confidentiality directly related to age of
    child/adolescent
    ◦ Young child ~ all information shared with caretaker
    ◦ Adolescent ~ try to establish privacy agreement between
      caretaker and adolescent with understanding of what
      must be shared (significant danger to self and/or others,
      abuse)

                                                                  4
Motor Skills Disorders
   This is also called developmental
    coordination disorders

   Its essential characteristic is a marked
    impairment in the development of motor
    coordination

   It is characterized by imprecise or clumsy
    gross motor skill
                                             5
Communication Disorders
   This category includes disorders of speech & language
   They include:
1. Expressive language disorder:
   the child skills in vocabulary ,the use of correct sentences ,the
    production of complex sentences & the recall of words are
    below the expected level for his or her age & intelligence

2 . Mixed receptive –expressive language disorder:
    child is impaired in both understanding and expressing language

3 . Phonological disorder:
    it is manifested by inappropriate or poor sound production

4 . Stuttering or Stammering:
    disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech that is
    inappropriate for the patient’s age
                                                                       6
Pervasive developmental disorders
     These disorders are severe ,pervasive
      impairment in developmental areas ,such as
      social interaction & communication ,or
      stereotyped behavior ,interests and activities

     The impairments are deviant in comparison
      to a person’s mental or developmental level

     These disorders include:

7.    Autistic disorder
8.    Rett’s disorder
9.    Childhood disintegrative disorder
10.   Asperger’s disorder
                                                       7
Autistic disorder
    Sometimes called “childhood autism,
     early infantile autism, Kanner’s
     autism”

    Prevalence is 0.02-0.05 %

    In most cases it starts before the age of
     36 months( 3 years)

    It is more frequent in boys

    The etiology of autistic disorder is not
     clear but there is more reliance on        8
Clinical features
2.    Impairment in social interaction: lacking social smile, fail to
      show the usual relatedness to their parents and other
      people, abnormal eye contact, …
4.    Disturbance of communication &language
6.    Stereotyped behavior :the activities &play are rigid
      ,repetitive & monotonous. Ritualistic and compulsive
      phenomena are common
8.    Unstability of mood
10.   Abnormal response to sensory stimuli( either exaggerated
      or decreased)
12.   Other behavioral symptoms hyperkinesis or
      hypokinesis ,aggressive behavior ,temper tantrums, self
      injurious behavior
                                                                    9
    Prognosis is generally unfavorable
    The patient needs a complicated care
     which include:

4.   Educational therapy

6.   Behavioral therapy

8.   Pharmacotherapy: no specific therapy is
     available. It can be only symptomatic
     like anti-obsessive, antipsychotic and
     antiepileptic                          10
In the absence of specific treatment,
  management has 6 main aspects:

 Management of abnormal behavior
 Education and social services
 Speech and language therapy ,occupational
  therapy, dietary advice…
 Treat medical conditions (e.g. epilepsy ,GIT
  problems)
 Help for families
 Pharmacotherapy :symptom management
  (e.g. antipsychotic for stereotypes ),SSRI for
  compulsive and self harming behaviors and
  depression, and anxiety
                                                   11
(Aspergers Syndrome( AS

A syndrome first described by Hans Asperger’s in 1944
 ,and sometimes called autistic psychopath ,is
 characterized by:-

   The child develops normally until about the third year
    when they begin to lack warmth in relationships, and
    speak in monotonous stilted ways
   Severe persistent impairment in social interactions
    ,repetitive behavior patterns, and restricted interests
   IQ and language are normal or in some cases, superior
   Motor mannerisms such as hand and finger twisting, or
    whole body movements
                                                              12
 They are often clumsy and eccentric
 They are more interested in others than
  autistic children
 The disorder is more common in boys than
  girls
 A family history of autism may be present
 The cause of AS is unknown
 It differ from autism in that there is no general
  delay or retardation of cognitive development
  or language
 They are solitary, and embark on and spend
  much time in narrow interests
                                                      13
(Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD

      This disorder is common ,appears more often in boys
       than in girls and causes disruption in school and at
       home
      It is characterized by:

  4.   Features of hyperactivity: age-inappropriate
       hyperactivity which is mostly purposeless & intolerable
       causing a lot of disturbance
  5.   Poor attention span
  6.   Impulsivity
      These symptoms should be present for at least 6
       months before the diagnosis is made
      The symptoms should be present in more than one
       setting ( home, school, work)
      And should be severe enough to cause significant
       impairment
                                                              14
3%-7% of children suffer from ADHD
ADHD is diagnosed approximately three
times more often in boys than in girls
As many as half of those with ADHD also
have other mental disorders
Over half of the children diagnosed with
ADHD carry the disorder into adulthood
A large number of adults who were never
diagnosed as a child show clear symptoms
of ADHD                                    15
   The symptoms of ADHD are present since the
    early childhood (before the age of 7 years)

   The causes of ADHD are unknown ,but the
    disorder is predictably associated with a variety
    of other disorders that affect the brain function
    ,such as learning disorders

 The suggested contributory factors to ADHD
  include prenatal toxic exposure, prematurity,
  and prenatal mechanical insult to the fetal
  nervous system
 Food additives ,colorings, preservatives, and
  sugar have been suggested as possible causes
 There is evidence for a genetic cause
                                                   16
Symptoms of Inattention
must have 6 or more
 1. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless
    mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities

 3. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
    activities

 5. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

 7. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to
    finish school-work, chores, or duties in the workplace (not
    oppositional)

                                                                       17
5. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities

6. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in
    tasks that require a sustained mental effort

7. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities

8. Often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli

9.Often forgetful in daily activities
                                                          18
Symptoms of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
Must have 6 or more
   Hyperactivity
    1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
    2. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in
       which remaining seated is expected
    3. Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in
       which it is inappropriate (adolescents ~ may be subjective
       feelings of restlessness)
    4. Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities
       quietly
    5. Often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor”
    6. Often talks excessively


                                                                        19
Impulsivity

 2. Often blurts out answers before
    questions have been completed
 3. Often has difficulty awaiting turn
 4. Often interrupts or intrudes on others



                                             20
Treatment of ADHD
1.   Pharmacotherapy:
     a. CNS stimulants: dextroamphetamine,
     methylphenidate, and pemoline
     b. Antidepressants

    Psychotherapy :
     which include behavioral therapy , education
     of parents and teachers


                                                    21
Disruptive behavior disorders
  There are two types:
2. Oppositional defiant disorder:
   described as a recurrent pattern of negativistic,
   defiant, disobedient, and hostile behaviors
   toward authority figures

5.   Conduct disorder:
     A repetitive & persistent pattern of behavior in
     which the basic rights of others or major age-
     appropriate societal norms or rules are
     violated                                      22
Elimination Disorders
1.   Enuresis :
     The repeated voiding of urine into clothes or
     bed ,whether, the voiding is involuntary or
     intentional .The behavior must occur twice
     weekly for at least 3 months or must cause
     clinically significant distress or impairment
     socially or academically. The child’s age must
     be at least 5 years

    Encopresis:
     Passing feces into inappropriate places whether
     the passage is involuntary or intentional. The
     pattern must be present for at least 3 months ;
     the child’s age must be at least 4 years         23
Separation Anxiety Disorder
   Defined as an excessive anxiety about separation
    from home or from those to whom the child is
    attached

   This disorder must last for at least 4 weeks

   Must begin before age of 18 years

   Must cause significant distress or impairment

   Separation anxiety requires the presence of at
    least three symptoms related to excessive worry
    about separation from the major attachment
    figures                                         24
   The worries may take the form of refusal to
    go to school( school phobia, school refusal),
    fears & distress upon separation ,repeated
    complaints of such physical symptoms like
    headaches & stomach aches when separation
    is anticipated and night mares related to
    separation issues

   The disorder is common and onset may occur
    during preschool years but is most common in
    7-8 years old

   Prevalence is 3-4% of all school children
   It occurs equally in males and females
   Treatment : behavioral therapy
                                                    25
Pediatric Psychopharmacology
:Summary
    Substantial Empirical Evidence Currently Supports
     ◦ Stimulants for ADHD
     ◦ SSRI’s for OCD
    Well Designed Trials support
     ◦ Risperidone for aggression and self-injurious
       behaviors in autism
     ◦ Fluvoxamine for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
     ◦ Fluoxetine for Moderate – Severe Major
       Depression

                                                         26
Pediatric Psychotherapy
:Summary
    Best Evidence for;
     ◦ CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) for Depression,
       Anxiety

     ◦ CBT/Behavioral Strategies for Conduct Problems

     ◦ Parent Training for Conduct Problems

     ◦ MST (multi systemic treatment) for Conduct
       Problems
                                                            27
THANK YOU


            28

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psychiary.Childhood disorders.(dr.rebwar)

  • 1. 1
  • 2. CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Dr. Rebwar Ghareeb Hama Psychiatrist University of Sulaimani School of Medicine 2
  • 3. Classification 1. Learning Disorders 2. Motor Skills Disorders 3. Communication Disorders 4. Pervasive Developmental Disorders 5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders 6. Disruptive Behavior Disorders 7. Feeding & Eating Disorders 8. Tic Disorders 9. Elimination Disorders 10. Other Disorders: like separation anxiety disorder, elective mutism ,etc… 11. Mood Disorders 12. Substance Abuse 3
  • 4. Must be familiar with normal development and remember what is normal for one age may be a problem for another ◦ Example: Tantrum Behavior  2 year old ~ normal and expected behavior  12 year old ~ not expected within normal development  Confidentiality directly related to age of child/adolescent ◦ Young child ~ all information shared with caretaker ◦ Adolescent ~ try to establish privacy agreement between caretaker and adolescent with understanding of what must be shared (significant danger to self and/or others, abuse) 4
  • 5. Motor Skills Disorders  This is also called developmental coordination disorders  Its essential characteristic is a marked impairment in the development of motor coordination  It is characterized by imprecise or clumsy gross motor skill 5
  • 6. Communication Disorders  This category includes disorders of speech & language  They include: 1. Expressive language disorder: the child skills in vocabulary ,the use of correct sentences ,the production of complex sentences & the recall of words are below the expected level for his or her age & intelligence 2 . Mixed receptive –expressive language disorder: child is impaired in both understanding and expressing language 3 . Phonological disorder: it is manifested by inappropriate or poor sound production 4 . Stuttering or Stammering: disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the patient’s age 6
  • 7. Pervasive developmental disorders  These disorders are severe ,pervasive impairment in developmental areas ,such as social interaction & communication ,or stereotyped behavior ,interests and activities  The impairments are deviant in comparison to a person’s mental or developmental level  These disorders include: 7. Autistic disorder 8. Rett’s disorder 9. Childhood disintegrative disorder 10. Asperger’s disorder 7
  • 8. Autistic disorder  Sometimes called “childhood autism, early infantile autism, Kanner’s autism”  Prevalence is 0.02-0.05 %  In most cases it starts before the age of 36 months( 3 years)  It is more frequent in boys  The etiology of autistic disorder is not clear but there is more reliance on 8
  • 9. Clinical features 2. Impairment in social interaction: lacking social smile, fail to show the usual relatedness to their parents and other people, abnormal eye contact, … 4. Disturbance of communication &language 6. Stereotyped behavior :the activities &play are rigid ,repetitive & monotonous. Ritualistic and compulsive phenomena are common 8. Unstability of mood 10. Abnormal response to sensory stimuli( either exaggerated or decreased) 12. Other behavioral symptoms hyperkinesis or hypokinesis ,aggressive behavior ,temper tantrums, self injurious behavior 9
  • 10. Prognosis is generally unfavorable  The patient needs a complicated care which include: 4. Educational therapy 6. Behavioral therapy 8. Pharmacotherapy: no specific therapy is available. It can be only symptomatic like anti-obsessive, antipsychotic and antiepileptic 10
  • 11. In the absence of specific treatment, management has 6 main aspects:  Management of abnormal behavior  Education and social services  Speech and language therapy ,occupational therapy, dietary advice…  Treat medical conditions (e.g. epilepsy ,GIT problems)  Help for families  Pharmacotherapy :symptom management (e.g. antipsychotic for stereotypes ),SSRI for compulsive and self harming behaviors and depression, and anxiety 11
  • 12. (Aspergers Syndrome( AS A syndrome first described by Hans Asperger’s in 1944 ,and sometimes called autistic psychopath ,is characterized by:-  The child develops normally until about the third year when they begin to lack warmth in relationships, and speak in monotonous stilted ways  Severe persistent impairment in social interactions ,repetitive behavior patterns, and restricted interests  IQ and language are normal or in some cases, superior  Motor mannerisms such as hand and finger twisting, or whole body movements 12
  • 13.  They are often clumsy and eccentric  They are more interested in others than autistic children  The disorder is more common in boys than girls  A family history of autism may be present  The cause of AS is unknown  It differ from autism in that there is no general delay or retardation of cognitive development or language  They are solitary, and embark on and spend much time in narrow interests 13
  • 14. (Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD  This disorder is common ,appears more often in boys than in girls and causes disruption in school and at home  It is characterized by: 4. Features of hyperactivity: age-inappropriate hyperactivity which is mostly purposeless & intolerable causing a lot of disturbance 5. Poor attention span 6. Impulsivity  These symptoms should be present for at least 6 months before the diagnosis is made  The symptoms should be present in more than one setting ( home, school, work)  And should be severe enough to cause significant impairment 14
  • 15. 3%-7% of children suffer from ADHD ADHD is diagnosed approximately three times more often in boys than in girls As many as half of those with ADHD also have other mental disorders Over half of the children diagnosed with ADHD carry the disorder into adulthood A large number of adults who were never diagnosed as a child show clear symptoms of ADHD 15
  • 16. The symptoms of ADHD are present since the early childhood (before the age of 7 years)  The causes of ADHD are unknown ,but the disorder is predictably associated with a variety of other disorders that affect the brain function ,such as learning disorders  The suggested contributory factors to ADHD include prenatal toxic exposure, prematurity, and prenatal mechanical insult to the fetal nervous system  Food additives ,colorings, preservatives, and sugar have been suggested as possible causes  There is evidence for a genetic cause 16
  • 17. Symptoms of Inattention must have 6 or more 1. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities 3. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities 5. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly 7. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish school-work, chores, or duties in the workplace (not oppositional) 17
  • 18. 5. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities 6. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require a sustained mental effort 7. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities 8. Often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli 9.Often forgetful in daily activities 18
  • 19. Symptoms of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Must have 6 or more Hyperactivity 1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat 2. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected 3. Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (adolescents ~ may be subjective feelings of restlessness) 4. Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly 5. Often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor” 6. Often talks excessively 19
  • 20. Impulsivity 2. Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed 3. Often has difficulty awaiting turn 4. Often interrupts or intrudes on others 20
  • 21. Treatment of ADHD 1. Pharmacotherapy: a. CNS stimulants: dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, and pemoline b. Antidepressants  Psychotherapy : which include behavioral therapy , education of parents and teachers 21
  • 22. Disruptive behavior disorders  There are two types: 2. Oppositional defiant disorder: described as a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behaviors toward authority figures 5. Conduct disorder: A repetitive & persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age- appropriate societal norms or rules are violated 22
  • 23. Elimination Disorders 1. Enuresis : The repeated voiding of urine into clothes or bed ,whether, the voiding is involuntary or intentional .The behavior must occur twice weekly for at least 3 months or must cause clinically significant distress or impairment socially or academically. The child’s age must be at least 5 years  Encopresis: Passing feces into inappropriate places whether the passage is involuntary or intentional. The pattern must be present for at least 3 months ; the child’s age must be at least 4 years 23
  • 24. Separation Anxiety Disorder  Defined as an excessive anxiety about separation from home or from those to whom the child is attached  This disorder must last for at least 4 weeks  Must begin before age of 18 years  Must cause significant distress or impairment  Separation anxiety requires the presence of at least three symptoms related to excessive worry about separation from the major attachment figures 24
  • 25. The worries may take the form of refusal to go to school( school phobia, school refusal), fears & distress upon separation ,repeated complaints of such physical symptoms like headaches & stomach aches when separation is anticipated and night mares related to separation issues  The disorder is common and onset may occur during preschool years but is most common in 7-8 years old  Prevalence is 3-4% of all school children  It occurs equally in males and females  Treatment : behavioral therapy 25
  • 26. Pediatric Psychopharmacology :Summary  Substantial Empirical Evidence Currently Supports ◦ Stimulants for ADHD ◦ SSRI’s for OCD  Well Designed Trials support ◦ Risperidone for aggression and self-injurious behaviors in autism ◦ Fluvoxamine for Childhood Anxiety Disorders ◦ Fluoxetine for Moderate – Severe Major Depression 26
  • 27. Pediatric Psychotherapy :Summary  Best Evidence for; ◦ CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) for Depression, Anxiety ◦ CBT/Behavioral Strategies for Conduct Problems ◦ Parent Training for Conduct Problems ◦ MST (multi systemic treatment) for Conduct Problems 27
  • 28. THANK YOU 28