This document provides an introduction and overview of surveying. It discusses the basic concepts of surveying, including classifications, principles, instruments, and methods. Specifically, it covers plane surveying versus geodetic surveying, classifications based on instruments, methods, objectives, and field of surveying. Key topics include triangulation, traverse surveying, chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite surveying, tacheometric surveying, and total station surveying. The principles of working from whole to part and locating new stations by at least two measurements are also summarized.

1. SURVEYING -19A01303T
II YEAR-I SEMISTER
BY
SHAIK KHADEER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

2. What we are going to learn from
this subject?
Introduction and basic concepts surveying.
Classifications and principles of surveying.
Different methods involved in surveying.
Different instruments used in surveying.
Levelling,contouring,tacheometric surveying , curves.

3. Topics to be covered from chapter-1
• Introduction and Basic Concepts:
Introduction, Objectives, classification and
principles of surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of
Map, Conventional symbols and Code of
Signals, Surveying accessories, phases of
surveying. Measurement of Distances and
Directions Linear distances-Approximate
methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes,
ranging, Tape corrections, indirect methods-
optical methods- E.D.M. method.

4. Topics to be covered from chapter-1
• Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included
angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination,
and dip.
• Plane table surveying: Introduction,
accessories, setting up of plane table, techniques,
testing, adjustments, errors, advantages and
disadvantages.

5. WHAT IS SURVEYING?
Surveying is the art of determination of
• horizontal distances
• differences in elevation
• directions, angles, locations
• areas and volumes
above or beneath the surface of the earth. From linear and
angular measurements.
 It involves the measurement and recording of the size and shape
(including the vertical shape) of an area on the earths surface.

6. Objectives of surveying
• The primary objective of survey is the preparation of
plan or map with the help of field measurements.
• The results of surveys when plotted and drawn on
paper constitute a plan.
• To prepare the different types of plans like
Map of a country , topographical maps, cadastral
maps , plans for engineering works like roads,
railways ,bridges etc.,

11. Classifications of surveying
Surveying may be generally divided into
two classes.
• Geodetic surveying
• Plane surveying

12. Plane surveying
• Its a type of surveying in which the spheroidal
shape of earth is neglected.
• The shape of earth is considered as plane.
• This type of surveying is carried out for smaller
areas.

13. Geodetic surveying
• In Geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth
is taken into consideration.
• When we are conducting the survey of larger
area and high degree of precision is required,
then the geodetic surveying is suitable .

14. Classifications of surveying
Surveying may be classified in four different ways,
 Classification based upon the instrument employed.
 Classification based upon the methods employed in
surveying.
 Classification based upon the object of surveying.
 Classification based upon the nature of the field of
surveying

15. Classifications based upon the
instrument employed
• Chain surveying
• Compass surveying
• Plane table surveying
• Theodolite surveying
• Tacheometric surveying
• Photographic surveying
• Aerial surveying
• Total station

16. Classification based upon the methods
employed in surveying.
• Triangulation surveying
• Traverse surveying

17. Classification based upon the object of
surveying.
• Geological surveying
• Archeological surveying
• Mine survey
• Military survey

18. Classification based upon the nature of
the field of surveying
• Land Surveys.
a) Topographical survey
b) Cadasrtal
c) Engineering survey
• Marine or Navigation Surveys.
• Astronomical Surveys

19. Principles of surveying:
• To work from whole to part
• To locate a new station by atleast two
measurements (linear or angular) from fixed
point

20. To work from whole to part
• The main principle of surveying is to work from
whole to part which means number of primary
control points are established with high
precision in and around the area to be surveyed.
• To establish the control points instruments are
used.

21. To locate a new station by at least two
measurements (linear or angular) from
fixed point
To fix the position of new stations by at least two
independent process. The stations are fixed from
points already fixed by
• Linear measurement or
• Angular measurements or
• Both the linear and angular measurements.