The document discusses the Indus water treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan, the water accord of 1991 between Pakistani provinces, and the Indus River System Authority (IRSA). The key points are: 1) The 1960 Indus water treaty allocated the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the three western rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Indus) to Pakistan. 2) The 1991 water accord between Pakistani provinces allocated water shares of the Indus rivers to ensure distribution. It established the IRSA to implement the accord. 3) IRSA regulates and distributes surface water supplies to provinces according to the water accord, settles

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Indus water treaty, water
accord 1991, Indus river
system authority (IRSA)
SUBJECT: HYDROLOGY(CE375)
LECTURE 5
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author. It includes stuff taken from a number of internet resources. For that
citation the author acknowledges the actual authors.
Explain Indus river water system in
Sindh and Pakistan
Report water treaty of indus river
system
State water accord 1991
Discuss IRSA system in Pakistan
2
After completion of this class discussion the
students will be able to:
INDUS RIVER
INTRODUCTION
Indus river originates in the Tibetian plateau in
the vicinity of lake Mansarovar,runs across
through the Ladakh region of J&K towards
Gilgit-Baltistan & then its flows southerly
direction along the entire length of
Punjab,Pakistan to merge with Arabian sea
near the port city of Karachi
It is the longest river of Pakistan and
21st largest river of world in terms of annual
flow.
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Its left bank tributary is Chenab & has its own
4 tributaries namely the Jhelum, the Ravi,the
Beas, the Sutlej.
Its right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the
Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, the Kurram.
The flow of rivers is determined by seasons- it
deminishes in winter while flooding in monsoon
months from July to September.
Around two-third of water supplied for irrigation
and in homes comes from the Indus and its
associated rivers.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION- EARLIEST CIVILISATION
IN HUAMN HISTORY
INDUS WATER TREATY
It is the eastern distribution treaty between India
and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then
the International Bank for reconstruction and
development).
Treaty signed on sept 19’1960 by India Prime
Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and president of
Pakistan Ayub Khan.
According to the agreement, control over the 3
eastern rivers ,the Beas, the Ravi and the
Sutlej was given to India & 3 western rivers ,
the Indus, the Chenab, the
Jhelum to Pakistan.
ROLE OF WORLD BANK
In 1951, David E. Lilienthal, former chairman of
Tennessee Valley Authority, visited India and
Pakistan.
 Lilienthal wrote an article with suggestions that
Indus Basin be treated, exploited, and developed as
a single unit.
 World Bank mediated from 1952 onwards, and
Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in September
1960 although Pakistan, not fully convinced
,refused to sign until 1958.
 IWT conferred rights over 3 western rivers of Indus
river system (Jhelum, Chenab and Indus) to
Pakistan, and over 3 eastern rivers (Sutlej, Ravi and
Beas) to India.
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PROVISIONS
The treaty under Article 5.1 envisages the sharing of
waters of the rivers of the Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum,
Chenab which joins the Indus River on its left
bank(eastern side) in Pakistan.
According to this treaty, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas which
constitute the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive
use by India before they enter Pakistan.
However a transition period of 10 years was permitted in
which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from
these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal
system for utilisation of water.
Pakistan has exclusive use of western rivers-
the Jhelum, the Chenab & the Indus.
Pakistan also recieved one time financial
compensation for the loss of waters from
eastern rivers.
Since march 31,1970, after 10 years
moratoriam, India secured full rights for use of
waters of 3 rivers allocated to it.
The treaty resulted in the partitioning of the
rivers rather than sharing of the waters.
It was successful in settling the
disagreement over Baglihar dam (Jammu
& kashmir).
HOW THE WATER COULD BE USED
As per provisions of the treaty, India could use
only
20% of the total water carried by Indus.
All the waters of the eastern rivers shall be
available for unrestricted use in India.
Except for domestic and non-comsumptive
uses agricultural uses, and generation of
hydroelectric power. Pakistan shall be under
an obligation to let flow and shall not permit
any interference with the waters of Sutluj, Ravi
main in the reaches where these rivers flow in
Pakistan and have not yet finally crossed into
Pakistan.
Pakistan has unrestricted use of all those of
waters of western rivers.
SUGGESTION
India and Pakistan need to intiate a serious
dialogue on strengthening the dispute
resolution mechanism and develop strategy
and plans for co-operation on water related
challenges.
The long term water security of India and
Pakistan which is linked to their food and
energy security can only be achieved if they
estabilish mutual beneficial co-operation on
water resources.
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INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY
(IRSA)
“Water Apportionment Accord 1991,
Indus River System Authority”
The Water Agreements
Indus Waters Treaty 1960
Water Apportionment Accord 1991
Inter-provincial Water Dispute
The Inter-provincial dispute on
Water Distribution was initiated
during the construction of two
mega Irrigation Projects i.e.
Sutlej Valley Canal Project 1932
Sukkur Barrage 1935
Committees / commissions
1937 Anderson Committee
1945 Rau Commission
1968 Akhtar Hussain Committee
1970 Fazal-e-Akbar Committee
1976 Indus Waters Commission (Anwar-ul-Haq
Commission)
1983 Haleem Commission
1991 Water Accord
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Rim Stations:
Indus @ Tarbela
Kabul @ Nowshera
Jhelum @ Mangla
Chenab @ Marala
Tarbela
Mangla
Kabul
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
Ravi Sutlej
Chashma
C-J
T-P
17
Sindh Barrages
Legend
Punjab Barrages
Balochistan Canals
NWFP CRBC
Reservoirs
Major Rivers
18
● Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) was
signed amongst the Provinces on
16.03.1991 and approved by the Council of
Common Interests (CCI) on 21.03.1991
●Total Paras 14
●Paras on distribution 03
●Development Paras 06
●Escapages d/s Kotri 01
●Others 04
● Under Clause 13 of the WAA ’91, the need
to establish an Indus River System Authority
was recognized and accepted for the
implementation of the Accord.
Contd.....
19
• IRSA was established vide Act No. XXII of 1992
passed by the Parliament and approved by the
President of Pakistan on, the 6th December 1992;
One of the prime responsibilities of IRSA is the
regulation and distribution of surface waters
amongst the Provinces according to the
allocation and policies spelt out in the Water
Accord 1991;
To Settle any question that may arise between
two or more Provinces in respect of distribution of
river and reservoir waters;
Contd…
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Any question in respect of
implementation of Water Accord shall be
settled by the Authority by the votes of the
majority of members and in case of an
equality of votes the Chairman shall have a
casting vote ;
A Provincial Government or the Water
and Power Development Authority may, if
aggrieved by any decision of the Authority,
make a reference to the Council of
Common Interests (CCI).
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PROVISIONS OF WATER ACCORD 1991
PERTAINING TO DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
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Para 14 (b)
The record of actual average system
uses for the period 1977-82, would
form the guide line for developing a
future regulation pattern. These ten
daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata
to correspond to the indicated
seasonal allocations of the different
canal systems and would form the
basis for sharing shortages and
surpluses on all Pakistan basis.
Para 14 (b) (MAF)
Province MAF %
Punjab 54.51 53.06
Sindh 43.53 42.37
Balochistan 1.63 1.59
KPK 3.06 2.98
Total 102.73 100.00
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Para 2
In the light of the accepted water distributional principles, the following
apportionment was agreed to: (MAF)
Province Kharif Rabi Total
Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94
Sindh * 33.94 14.82 48.76
NWFP (a) 3.48 2.30 5.78
(b) Civil Canals ** 1.80 1.20 3.00
Balochistan 2.85 1.02 3.87
77.34 37.01 114.35
+ + +
1.80 1.20 3.00
* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.
** Un-gauged Civil Canals above the rim stations.
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Comparison of Para 2 vs Para 14 (b)
(MAF)
Province
Para 2 Para 14 (b) Difference
MAF % MAF %
MAF
(2-4)
%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Punjab 55.94 48.92 54.51 53.06 1.43 12
Sindh 48.76 42.64 43.53 42.37 5.23 45
Baloch: 3.87 3.38 1.63 1.59 2.24 19
KPK 5.78 5.06 3.06 2.98 2.72 24
Total 114.35 100.00 102.73 100.00 11.62 100
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Para 4
Balance river supplies (including
flood supplies and future storages)
shall be distributed as below:
Punjab 37%
Sindh 37%
KPK 14%
Balochistan 12%
Total 100 %
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Present Distribution Mechanism of IRSA
(THREE TIER FORMULA SINCE 2003)
Scenario I
Water Availability < Actual Average System Uses 77-82
Distributed as per 14 (b) of the WAA 1991
Scenario II
Water Availability > Actual Average System Uses 77-82 but
< Para 2 of WAA 1991
Actual Average System Uses are protected
Balance available as per Para 2 i.e. 10-daily approved by
CCI
Scenario III
Water Availability > Para 2 of WAA 1991
Para 2 i.e. 10-daily approved by CCI are protected
Balance as per Para 4 of the WAA 1991
Note: KPK & Balochistan are exempted from shortages
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Para 6
The need for storages,
wherever feasible on the Indus
and other rivers was admitted
and recognised by the
participants for planned future
agricultural development.
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Western & Eastern Inflows & D/S Kotri
Post Tarbela Average (1976.77 to 2009.10)
(MAF)
Max Min Avg
Western
River
Indus @ Kalabagh 112.18 66.81 89.71
Jhelum + Chenab 64.69 29.70 48.68
Total 176.87 96.51 138.39
Eastern
River
Ravi @ Balloki 10.95 0.29 4.23
Sutlej @ Sulemanki 10.62 0.01 2.59
Total 21.57 0.30 6.82
Total Western & Eastern River 198.44 96.81 145.21
D/S Kotri 91.86 0.29 30.67
D/S Kotri (Apr 1, 2010 to Jan 6, 2011) 54.42 30
Provincial Canal Head Wdls
(Post Independence to to-date)
Year Canal Withdrawals (MAF)
1947 69.1
1965 88.4
1967-76 (Post-Mangla) 96.0
1977-82 (Post-Tarbela) 105.0
1990-1999 107.0
2000-2009 93.5
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