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1. History of EV
• Pre Electric car age (1828-1880)
Invention of battery, Electric motor (Electromagnetic Induction)
small electric toys and electric bicycle.
• Golden Age ( 1880-1920)
Battery and motor capacity improved. Electric taxi begin to appear.
Porsche developed the first electric hybrid Vehicle.
• Dark Age ( 1920-1970)
Large reservoirs of petroleum and crude oil push electric vehicles to end the Golden Age. Many
makers stop building EV's.
Little advancement is made between this period

2. RENAISSANCE ( 1970-2020)
• Clean Air Act is passed.
• Oil Crisis
• Scientists Started to improve EV's and their batteries
• In 2004 Tesla Motors is founded
• Tesla is an electric vehicle manufacturer and clean energy company led by Elon Musk.
• In the U.S. and across the world charging station infrastructures begin to roll out
• Many governments around the world legislate to promote EVs and phase out combustion engines
within the next few decades.

4. Limitations of IC Engine
• Because of reciprocating motion of piston lot of vibrations are produced.
• Fuel used in IC Engine is costly
• Lubricating system is required for moving part which add cost
• Cooling system is required for engine
• Greater no. of moving parts so more maintenance is required
• IC Engine produces noise
• IC Engine produces Emission
• Braking energy is not recovered
• Less efficiency

5. Exhaust Emission & Global Warming
• Due to Combustion of Fuel CO, HC and NOX Emissions are produced which are harmful to
human and environment.
• Global warming is the phenomenon of gradual increase in the average temperature of earth .
• It is caused by the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs etc. into the
atmosphere.
• Ozone layer is responsible for protecting the surface of the earth from the sun’s harmful radiations.
• Emission destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere. This makes the way for the ultraviolet rays to
reach the earth, thus, increasing the temperature which leads to global warming

6. Effect of Global Warming
• As the earth temperature increases Glaciers melts causing sea level to rise which
leads to coastal flooding, erosion of soil and impact on marine ecosystem ( Plant
and animal).
• Global warming leads to heat wave, drought and storms which have effect like
loss of life, damage to infrastructure.
• Due to global warming increase in pest and diseases that can harm crop this leads
to food shortage
• Warmer temperature produces negative health impact like heat stroke, respiratory
problem, malaria and dengue fever

7. Effect of CO,HC and Nox
• Carbon monoxide is harmful because it binds to hemoglobin in the blood,
reducing the ability of blood to carry oxygen.
• effects of CO exposure are fatigue, headaches, confusion, and dizziness due to
inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain.
• Hydrocarbon if it enters the lungs, it can cause a pneumonia-like condition;
ire.versible, permanent lung damage; and even death
• Nox-Breathing nitrous oxide can cause dizziness, unconsciousness, and even
death. Long-term exposure can lead to infertility.

8. Acid rain
• Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted
into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. The
SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and
nitric acids.
• Acid rain causes respiratory issue in animal and plant
• It alter the chemical composition of water
• It causes the corrosion of water pipe
• It damage the building and monument made of stones and metals

9. Environmental Importance of EV
• Reduced air pollution
• Improved energy efficiency
• Reduced dependency on fossils fuels
• Quieter operation
• Lower maintenance cost
• Increased fuel security
• Improved public health
• Enhanced sustainability

10. Economical Importance
• Reduced fuel cost
• Lower maintenance costs
• Potential of job creation in clean energy sector
• Manufacturing , charging infrastructure

11. EV Challenges
• Battery cost- It is about ¾ th of total vehicle cost
• Inadequate charging facility
• Range anxiety
• More time required for charging
• Temperature issue
• No universal charger
• High price
• Battery life is less
• Lack of Qualified engineers and researches

12. Overview of EV technology-BEV
Advantage
• No emission
• Low cost
• Quite operation
Disadvantage
• Limited range
• Dependency on charging infrastructure

13. Plug in hybrid vehicle
Advantage
• Extended range
• No emission
• Reduced fuel consumption
Disadvantage
Limited all electric range
Dependency on charging infrastructure

14. Emerging Technology
• Solid state battery
Its uses solid electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte which improve
energy density, safety and durability. It also improve the range and
make them cost effective. But it is in early stage of development
• Wheel motor
Motor is located at centre of wheel which eliminate the need of
transmission system.

15. Cont..
• In motion charging
• In motion charging enables electric bus to charge while moving. This
has advantage that no extra time for charging consider during an
operating day
• Charging opportunity
• Bus is not only charged at bus station but also at charging station
throughout the network
• Bus do not have to drive back to depot to recharge. Time and energy
can be saved

16. Cont
• Overnight charging
• Night time at depot is for maintenance, cleaning and preparation for
upcoming tour. During this period total charging of battery sufficient
for next next travel should take place
• Wire less charging - wirelessly charged with inductive power transfer
system. Wire cost and time can be saved
• Battery swapping- battery charging time can be reduced

17. ICE VS EV Case study
• Ex show room price
• On road price (A)
• (7,00,000)
• Fuel Price (B)( 100 RS)
• 4,25,000
• Maintenance cost( c )
• 1,75,000
• Total Cost -A + B+ C
• 13,00,000
• Ex Show room price
• On road price
• ( 8,50,000)
• Unit cost of power (10 RS)
• 75,000
• Maintenance cost
• 1,75,000
• Total Cost- A+ B+C
• 11,00,000

18. Autonomous car
• An autonomous car is a vehicle capable of sensing its environment
and operating without human involvement.
• A human passenger is not required to take control of the vehicle at
any time, nor is a human passenger required to be present in the
vehicle at all.
• Various types of sensors are used in autonomous vehicle like cameras
Radar, Lidar and ultrasonic sensor.
• GPS And angle and torque sensor on steering column

19. Level of Automation
• Level 0 –No Automation - All tasks are performed by driver
• Level 1-Driver Assistance Electronic Stability Program (E.S.P) or
Automatic Braking are present.
• Level 2- Partial Automation -the driver must always be involved in the
driving and he/she must monitor the environment.
• Level 3- Conditional Automation- The driver can fully cease control of
some of the important function of the vehicle in certain conditions

20. Cont…
• Level 4: High Automation –The vehicle can execute all the driving
functions
• Level 5: Full Automation – The vehicle is able to perform all functions
related to driving, under all situations and conditions.

21. Benefits of autonomous vehicle
• Reduced accidents.
• Access to the disabled and people with reduced mobility.
• Travelers would be able to journey overnight and sleep for the
duration.
• Speed limits could be safely increased, thereby shortening journey
times.
• There would no longer be a need for driving licenses or driving tests.
• Efficient travel means fuel savings for travelers.
• Traffic could be coordinated more smoothly in urban areas

22. Disadvantage
• Job losses( Driver, RTO)
• Vehicle location can be detected easily
• Initial cost and maintenance cost is high
• Driverless vehicles have been shown to have difficulty operating in
certain types of weather.
• Self-driving cars would be great news for terrorists, as those vehicles
could be loaded with explosives and used as moving bombs.
• Hackers getting into the vehicle's software and affecting its operation