The document discusses urban land policies in India. It notes that the urban population is expected to rise to 40% by 2020, converting much agricultural land to urban uses. Large numbers of new urban residents lack access to adequately serviced land, resulting in unauthorized development. Land policies aim to secure land rights and access to land at reasonable prices to support housing development. The objectives of India's model urban land policy include increasing land supply, leveraging land for development, and protecting the interests of the poor. The case study of large-scale land policies in Delhi discusses tools used like land banking, leasehold delivery, and cross-subsidization, though the policies have failed to fully prevent unauthorized development.

1. URBAN LAND POLICIES
REAL ESTATE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
BPLN0502
Submitted by:
Sujith Sourab
Pranav Gautam
Suraj Rajeendran
Bhargav Chary
Alka Kumari

2. Introduction
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1991 2001 2011
PERCENTAGE OF URBAN
POPULATION IN INDIA
*SOURCE: Census 2011
• The urban population is expected to
rise to around 40 per cent by 2020.
• The urbanization process will naturally lead to a large amount
of prime agricultural land being converted to urban land.
• Large majority of the new urban population does not have easy access to land and that much of the new
development is not adequately serviced resulting in unauthorized and haphazard development particularly in
the urban fringe areas.

3. • Land is the most crucial input for housing and urban development programs.
• The formulation of these programs and the implementation process is highly
dependent on the larger availability of developed land at appropriate locations
and the potential for further development through extension of infrastructure.
• Hence, it is necessary to frame Urban Land Policies.
• Urban Land policy aims to achieve certain objectives relating to the security
and distribution of land rights, land use and land management, and access to
land, including the forms of tenure under which it is held.
• In India, Urban Land policies are framed by The Urban Land Policy Committee
appointed by the Government.

4. The objectives of the Model Urban Land Policy
are:
• To suggest measures for overcoming inefficiencies, distortions and
inequities in the urban land market.
• To discuss existing land management / assembly techniques and
related problems in urban land market.
• To highlight leveraging land as a resource for urban development.
• To recommend actions for optimal use of land in the core areas and
significant increase in the overall supply of land for urban uses.
• To propose a model for alternative to compulsory land acquisition.

5. The objectives of the Model Urban Land Policy
are:
• To make land available in adequate quantity at the right time and for reasonable
prices to both public authorities and individuals.
• To encourage co-operative community effort and bonafide individual builders in
the field of land development, housing and construction.
• To prevent concentration of land ownership in a few private hands and
especially to safeguard the interest of the poor and underprivileged section of
society.
• To use land as a resource for financing urban development by recouping the
unearned income which otherwise accrues to private land owners.

6. Need of National Urban Policy
• According to the U.N. Report: ‘State of World Population – 2007’, nearly 29% of the
Indian population lives in cities which is going to increase by 40.7 per cent by 2030.
Moreover, nearly 55 per cent of the urban people live in slums.
• Need for a regulated land supply to facilitate access to affordable house sites and
shelter to everybody which may ultimately lead to a properly planned, developed living
environment.
• Remove existing problems in land practices of various States and for strengthening of
master plans.
• The propensity of the State Land Policy shall have to be amended in providing access to
the urban poor and cooperatives formed by low-income families at reasonable cost.
• Need for tackling grey issues like land acquisition, land development and land
disposal/utilisation, controlled or regulated land pricing mechanism.
• Failure of previously implemented city specific policies, and no national policy.

7. Land Policy Models- India
• Ghaziabad Model
– Private and Development Authority
• High-Tech Townships in Uttar Pradesh
– PPP
• Town Planning Schemes of Gujarat
• Greater Noida/Noida Model
• Chennai Model
• Delhi Model

8. Case Study:
Large Scale Land Policy of Delhi

9. Background – Need for Policy
Implementation
• In 1947 after the independence, Delhi witnessed one of the
largest immigration of people in the human history.
• With this, enlargement of various governments and other
activates, new colonies and work centres raised up in various
parts of city.
• The city started expanding in all directions, but without any
overall plan.
• Private colonies started their activities in the transaction of land
without any development plan, services, amenities or control.

10. Implementation tools for land policy in Delhi
• Various concepts and tools have been developed, which pertain to public land
acquisition:
• Land banking: In order to ensure that public acquisition is possible, and the existing
land put into right use as envisaged in the master plan. This concept was implemented
through the expropriation and price-freezing tools that reduced the land acquisition
prices to a lower level which the government could afford
• Leasehold delivery: The policy proposed leasehold public land delivery, In order to
prevent resale of subsidized land and to prevent speculation and investment on land.
• Cross-subsidisation: In order to provide affordable housing, the policy proposed cross-
subsidisation formula. Under this formula a considerable amount of land auctioned for
commercial, industrial and high income residential user. The profit from auctions
facilitated for cross-subsidisation of price to low income groups.
• Revolving fund: Another major instrument proposed in this policy was the concept of
revolving fund. It functioned as a method of financing large-scale land supply and
sustaining the urban planning effort by establishing a revolving cycle of acquisition-
development-disposal-acquisition.

11. Implications of Policy Implementation
• Large-scale land acquisition, development and disposal scheme has contributed to the
creation of informal land developments and illegal land transfers in Delhi, especially
unauthorized housing.
• Unauthorized land development was seen as an alternative channel of housing land
supply that filled the gap created by the inadequate and slowly-provided supply of
formal land.
• Public land policy which aimed to fully prevent the haphazard or informal development
by eliminating private free open market speculation, and providing access to land to
everybody at the right time and at reasonable prices has failed to achieve its primary
objective.
• Large-scale land policy's failure to deliver the right land to the right persons/party at
reasonable prices prompted unauthorized resales of formal plots and thus resulted in a
large number of higher income households buying subsidized plots at higher prices.

12. References
1. An Overview of Urban Land Policies and Land use control measures
im India- E.F.N. Ribeiro, Commissioner Planning
2. Census 2011
3. Urban Land Policies- A.K. Jain

13. THANK YOU