The purpose of per is to review and assess the status of forests in India, analyze the trends in production and consumption of forest products, estimate demand and supply of forest products in relation to build national economy with sound environment.

1. CURRENT STATUS OF FOREST AND FOREST
PRODUCTS IN INDIA

2. Forest
• ‘A plant community predominantly of trees and other
woody vegetation, usually with a closed canopy’.
Forest resources play an important role in the economy of
any country. It is highly complex, changing environment
made up of a living and non living things.
Basis of Classification
1. Method of regeneration
2. Age
3. Composition
4. Object of management
5. Ownership and legal status
6. Growing stock.

3. Functions of Forests
The functions of forest may broadly classified into
following categories
• Protective Function
• Productive Function
• Regulative Function
• Accessory Function

4. Protective Functions
• Forest Provide protection against Soil erosion,
Droughts, floods, noise, radiations
Soil erosion FloodsSoil erosion Droughts

5. Productive Functions
• Forest Provide various products like, gum resins,
medicines, Katha, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits

6. Regulative Functions
• The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon
dioxide in atmosphere. The forests also help in
regulating temperature conditions

9. Accessory Function
• Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora
and fauna besides that it also has an recreational
value.

10. Ecological Importance or uses of Forests
• Regulation of global climate and temperature
• Forest play a crucial role in regulation of global
climate and temperature as forest cover absorb the
solar radiations that would otherwise be reflected
back into the atmosphere by bare surface of the
earth.
• Transpiration of plants increases the atmosphere
humidity which affects the rainfall, cools the
atmosphere and thus regulate the hydrological cycle

11. Reduction of Global Warming
• The main green house gas co2 is used by forests for
photosynthesis process the forest act as a sink for co2
there by reducing the green house effect due to co2

12. Production of Oxygen
• During Photosynthesis process forest releases oxygen
a very important gas for human survival thereby are
called as lungs of earth.

13. Conservation of Soil
• They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles
tightly in their roots. They also reduce the velocity of
wind and rain which are chief agents causing erosion

14. Improvement in fertility of Soil
• The fertility of soil increases due to humans formed
by the decay of forest litter

15. Absorption of Noise
• Forest cover absorbs the noise and helps in preventing
noise pollution

16. Absorption of air pollutants
• Forest absorbs many toxic gasses and air pollutants
and can help in keeping air pure.

17. Economical Importance of Forest
• Timber: Wood used for commercial
purposes like for making furniture and other
items like boats, bridges and other day to
day uses.
• Fuel Wood: The wood is used as fuel for
cooking and other purposes by poor people.
• Raw material for wood based industries:
forest provide raw material for various wood
based industries like paper and pulp, sports
goods, furniture, match boxes etc.

18. • Food: Fruits, roots, leaves of plants and trees along
with the meat of forest animals provide the food to
the tribal people.
• Miscellaneous Products: Miscellaneous products
like, resin, gums, oils, medicines, Katha, honey are
provided by forests

19. Forest area in top ten country in 2010:
Country Area in m ha Percentage (%)
Russian Federation 809 30.1
Brazil 519 19.3
Canada 310 11.5
USA 304 11.3
China 206 7.6
Democratic Republic of the
Congo
154 5.7
Australia 149 5.5
Indonesia 94 3.5
Sudan 69 2.57
India 68 2.53
Total 2,682 100
Source: Global Forest Resource Assessment, 2010.

20. Status of forests in India
Total geographical area- 328.7mha.
Total geographical area against world area- 2.47%
Recommended forest area (as per NFP 1894)- 33%
Current forest Cover- 23.81% (78.28mha)
Forest cover against world forest area- 1%
Class Area (km2) Percentage of geographic area
Very dense forest 83,471 2.54
Moderately dense forest 320,736 9.76
Open forest 287,820 8.75
Total forest cover 692,027 21.05
Tree cover 90,844 2.76
Total forest and tree cover 7,82,871 23.81
Scrub 42,177 1.28
Non-forest 2,553,059 77.67
Total geographical area 3,287,263 100.00
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011.
Per Capita Area forest @ .064 ha – About 10% of World Avg.

22. Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011.

23. Production and Consumption:
The annual production of wood from forest 3.175 m cum
Annual potential production of wood from TOF 42.77 m cum
Annual estimated production of fuel-wood from
forest
1.23 m tonnes
Annual estimated production of fuel-wood from TOF 19.25m tonnes
Annual consumption of wood in household
construction and furniture, industrial construction and
furniture and agriculture implements
48.00 m cum
Total annual consumption of fuel-wood 216.42m tonnes
Proportion of population using fuel-wood from
forests
23%
Total fodder consuming live-stock dependent
partially or completely on forest
38.49%
Adult cattle unit completely dependent on forest 22.63%
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011.

24. Growing stock
• Among the States/ UTs, the maximum growing stocks in
forests is reported from Arunachal Pradesh (493 m cum)
followed by Uttarakhand (460 m cum) and Chhattisgarh (334
m cum).
Category Growing Stock (m cum)
Forests 4498.73
TOF 1548.42
Total 6047.15
• The mean annual increment (MAI) of India’s forests is
assessed to be less than 0.5 m3/ha/year as against the world
average of about 2 m3/ha/year.
• India has a notified forest area of 78.29 million hectares,
comprising 39.99 m ha of reserved, 23.84 m ha of Protected
and 13.64 m ha of Un-classed (unclassified) Forests.

25. Value of Removals from the Forests
Parameters India
The Total Value (in b. US $) 13.4
Per capita value (in US$) 11.008
Industrial Round-wood (in b.
US $)
6.2
Wood-fuel (in b. US $) 7.0
NWFP (m. US$) 133
Total Forest Revenue (in
m.US$)
341.8
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO 2010)

26. Forest Product:
• Timber product (Wood)
• Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)
Production, consumption and trade of timber products:
Items Volume (million m3) Value (million
US$)
Production Consumption Imports Exports Imports Export
s
Round
wood/logs
52.041 56.690 4.689 0.0040 937.8 0.80
Sawn
wood
32.961 33.180 0.221 0.0020 55.0 0.70
Veneer 2.340 2.380 0.068 0.0280 7.5 6.22
Plywood 0.499 0.500 0.003 0.0019 1.8 5.20
Bhat, 2011

27. WOOD PRODUCTION TRENDS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Source: USAID

28. HOW MUCH WOOD ARE WE CONSUMING?
Country/
region
Wood stock
per person/ in
m3
Wood
consumption/
person in m3
Timber
m3/person
Firewood m3/
person
India 4.9 0.216 0.039 0.177
China 10.00 0.244 0.100 0.144
Japan 33.2 0.193 0.189 0.004
Asia 12.32 0.257 0.072 0.185
World 58.2 0.505 0.229 0.276
CTS Nair, 2013

29. Wood consumption in India
INDIA FORESTRY OUTLOOK STUDY, APFSOS (MOEF), 2009

30. 1996 2001* 2006*
Wood requirement (for housing, furniture,
agricultural
implements, industrial uses)
64 73 82
Output from natural forests 12 12 12
Output from plantations, social forestry schemes
and other wood lots
41 47 53
Deficit 11 14 17
Demand and Supply of Wood ( million Cu.m)
Source: FSI, 1996; *Estimated.
Analysis:
• Supplies from natural forests and old plantations shall not
increase from the current level of about 12 million cubic
meters. It is likely that even this availability may decline in
view of increasing restrictions on felling from forests.
• The deficit is estimated to increase, reaching a record 17
million cubic meters by 2006.

31. Demand and supply gap of various forest products
Forest Products Demand
(MT)
Sustainable
Supply (MT)
Gap/Unsustaina
ble Harvest
(MT)
Firewood 228 128 100
Fodder (green and
dry)
1594 741 853
Timber 55 41 14
Source: Aggarwal et al, 2009
Analysis:
• With limited forest cover, the supply of forest products does
not match the demand and hence there is a substantial gap.
• This gap often drives the over-exploitation of the forest.

32. India: Imports of Paper and Paperboard by Source,
January-September 2012 Percent by Volume
Which are the major suppliers of paper products to India?

33. Exports by Product Type 2001-2012 (Value)

35. Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFPs) :
• These includes bamboo, cane, grasses, oilseed, fibres, gums, and
resin, dye, medicinal plants, spices, honey and wax, nut, sandalwood,
leaves, seed for propagation.
• Contribute 60% of forest revenue, almost 40% of forest department
revenues and 70% of forest exports income.
• 70% of NTFP collection in India take place in central ‘tribal belt’ of the
country, in five states of Maharashtra, M.P, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh.

36. SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE
(Source: NTFP’s Annual Report, 2011)
India
45%
Philippines
22%
Indonesia
24%
Cambodia
9%

37. SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE
COUNTRY NUMBER OF
ENTERPRISES
NUMBER OF
PERSONS
INVOLVED
NUMBER OF
VILLAGES
SALES
India 27 2,232 370 €1,81,596
Indonesia 29 1,452 58 € 99,838
Philippines 64 1,946 68 € 88,417.8
Cambodia 38 1,649 81 € 38,344.2
Total 163 7,400 600 €4,08,196
(Source: NTFP’s Annual Report, 2011)

38. Tendu Leaves
(Diospyros melaoxylon. Lin)
70% of NTFP collection in India take place in central ‘tribal belt’ of
the country, in states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh.
Tendu leaves trade in Chhattisgarh State:
Collection
season
Collection
rate (in Rs.
Per S.B.)
Estimate
quantity
(lakh std.
bages)
Collection
quality
(Lakh std.
Bages)
Collection
wages (in
Rs. Crores)
Price (in
Rs. Crores)
Gain (in Rs.
Crores)
2008 600 17.93 13.78 82.77 197.61 87.34
2009 650 17.93 14.67 95.33 256.41 120.75
2010 700 16.39 15.45 108.15 335.31 176.94
2011 800 16.39 13.57 108.52 355.31 198.22
2012 1100 16.40 17.15 188.66 646.90 389.63
•Source:- status report of C.G. State NTFPs Cooperative limited 2012

39. Annual production of Tendu leaves in India:
State 2008-09 2009-10
Weight (100 tons) Value (Crore Rs.) Weight (100
tons)
Value (Crore Rs.)
Arunachal Pradesh 4.06 0.27 1.60 0.10
Andhra Pradesh 310.80 56.18 327.00 54.41
Chhattisgarh 801.00 235.56 927.00 335.30
Gujarat 143.01 5.26 143.01 5.26
Jharkhand 339.00 43.44 340.80 15.26
Karnataka 3.86 0.70 3.42 0.57
Madhya Pradesh 1,197.00 262.99 1,204.2 264.57
Maharashtra 424.34 45.32 397.94 66.34
Odisha 415.12 301.79 403.07 326.49
Rajsthan 206.40 8.56 189 7.84
Uttar Pradesh 130.40 3.74 132.7 3.8
West Bengal 8.03 5.84 9.07 7.35
Total 3978.96 969.38 4,077.22 1,087.19
Forestry Statistics India (States Forest Report), 2011

40. Resin:
Major resin producing states are Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir, Uttarakhand in India.
State 2008-09 2009-10
Weight(100
tons)
Value
(Crore Rs.)
Weight(100
tons)
Value
(Crore Rs.)
Arunachal
Pradesh
4.06 0.27 1.60 0.10
Himachal
Pradesh
75.96 39.88 65.00 45.50
Jammu Kashmir 24.42 13.29 16.93 8.31
Uttarakhand 187.52 30.81 196.08 54.57
Total 291.96 84.24 279.61 108.48
Forestry Statistics India (States Forest Report), 2011

41. TOP HONEY PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN
THE WORLD
(Source: FAO, 2011)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Top production - Natural Honey - 2009
Production(mt)

42. Lac production at National level
(Source: Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums[Report], Ranchi - 2011)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
20640
17175 16495
9035
Lac Production in (tons)

43. Share of different states in Lac production at
National level
(Source: Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums[Report], Ranchi - 2011)
West Bengal
42.90%
Chhattisgarh
29.60%
Jharkhand
21.70%
Maharashtra
4.90%
Madhya Pradesh
0.80%

44. …………