1. GENERAL
PHARMACOLOGY
IPP-1

2. Pharmacology & its Branches

3. PARMACOLOGY
Branch of science that deals with DRUGS
•Therapy
•Prevention
•Diagnosis

4. BRANCHES
• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmacy
• Toxicology
• Pharmacotherapeutics
• Pharmacogenetics
•Pharmacopeia

5. PHARMACOKINETICS
The way in which BODY handles the drug
•Absorption
•Distribution
•Metabolism &
•Elimination of drug

6. PHARMACODYNAMICS
Describes the effects of DRUG on the body
• Mechanism of action
• Physiological &
•Adverse effects of drug

7. TOXICOLOGY
Study of UNDESIRABLE or toxic effects of drugs
• Study of general principles
• Prevention,
• Identification &
• Treatment of toxic drugs

8. PHARMACOGNOSY
Study of the
•Source,
•Chemical &
•Physical properties of the drug

9. PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS / THERAPEUTICS
Study of
•Materials which are used to diagnose,
•Treat &
•Prevent the disease

10. PHARMACY
Art of preparing,
• Compounding,
• Dispensing,
• Collection,
• Preservation &
• Standardization of drugs

11. PHARMACOGENETICS
Study of the relationship b/w
•Response of the drug
•& genetic factors

12. PHARMACOPEA
• Official book published under the legal authority of a country
• Prescription, description, source, storage & actions of the drug
• OFFICIAL DRUGS
• BRITSH PHARMACOPEA BP
• UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEA USP
• BRITISH CODE PHARMACOPEA BCP
• NATIONAL FORMULARY OF PAKISTAN NFP
• INDIAN PHARMACOPEA IP

13. Drug & related concepts

14. DRUG
Any substance which when introduced into the
body alters the body’s physiological response

15. NATURE / SOURCES OF DRUGS
•MINERALS→ Liquid paraffin, MgSO4
•ANIMAL → Insulin, Thyroid extract
•PLANT → Morphine, Digoxin
•MICRO-ORGANISMS → Penicillin, Cephalosporin

16. NATURE / SOURCES OF DRUGS
•SYNTHETIC → Analgesics, Hypnotics
•GENETIC ENGINEERING → insulin, GH (technologies used to
change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer
of genes within and across species to produce improved or
novel organisms)

17. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
•Chemical - Acetyl salicylic acid
•Generic -Aspirin
•Trade - Disprin, Aspro

18. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
•Chemical - N-acetyl p-aminophenol
•Generic -Paracetamol / Acetaminophen
•Trade - Panadol, Disprol

19. Routes of Drug Administration

20. CLASSIFICATION
• SYSTEMIC
• Enteral
• Par-enteral
• LOCAL

21. SYSTEMIC ROUTES-ENTERAL
Oral
Sublingual
Rectal

22. SYSTEMIC-PARENTERAL
• INJECTABLES
i. Intravenous
ii. Intramuscular
iii. Sub-cutaneous
iv. Intra-arterial
v. Intra-articular
vi. Intra-thecal
• INHALATIONAL

24. ORAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
• Safe
• Convenient
• Economical
• Usually good absorption
DISADVANTAGES
• Slow absorption  slow action
• Irritable & unpalatable drugs
• Uncooperative & unconscious
patients
• Some drugs destroyed
• First pass effect

26. INTRAVENOUS ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
• Bioavailability 100%
• Desired blood concentrations achieved
• Large quantities
• Vomiting & diarrhea
• Emergency situations
• First pass avoided
• Gastric manipulation avoided
DISADVANTAGES
• Irritation & cellulitis
• Repeated injections not always feasible
• Less safe
• Technical assistance required
• Danger of infection
• Expensive
• Less convenient & painful

28. INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
• Absorption reasonably uniform
• Rapid onset of action
• Mild irritants can be given
• First pass avoided
• Gastric factors avoided
DISADVANTAGES
• Only up-to 10ml drug given
• Local pain & abscess
• Expensive
• Infection
• Nerve damage

31. Drug action

32. TYPES OF DRUG ACTION
•Stimulation
•Depression
•Irritation
•Replacement
•Antimicrobial
•Modification of immune
status

33. STIMULATION
•An increase in the activity of specialized cells
Eg: Epinephrine stimulates the heart, pilocrpine stimulates
the ciliary muscles and morphine stimulates occulomotor
and vagal nerve nuclei

34. DEPRESSION
•A reduction in the activity of specialized cells
Eg: Quinidine depresses myocardium, barbiturates
depress CNS

35. IRRITATION
•May produce effects on the morphology of cells
Eg: Precipitation of proteins (astringent effect) produced by
bismuth carbonate, damage to the cellular compartments
by anticancer drugs

36. REPLACEMENT
•In cases of deficiency of vitamins, hormones,
minerals etc

37. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT
•In treatment of infections used to kill or
suppress growth of micro-organisms

38. MODIFYING IMMUNE FUNCTION
•Various vaccines & sera

39. Receptors & related concepts

40. RECEPTORS
•Protein molecule
•Usually found inside or on the surface of a cell
•Cause some form of cellular/ tissue response

42. AFFINITY & INTRINSIC ACTIVITY
• AFFINITY → Ability of a drug to bind to a receptor
• INTRINSIC ACTIVITY → Ability of a drug to produce
pharmacological effect after binding

43. AGONISTS
•Drug having affinity for receptor & intrinsic activity

44. Agonist
Agonist

45. ANTAGONIST
•Drug that binds with receptor but does not initiate
action & interfere with binding of agonist
•Have affinity but NO intrinsic activity

46. ANTAGONIST

47. SPARE RECEPTORS
•For producing any specific action drug does not
necessarily bind all available receptors
•Remaining spare receptors

48. PLACEBO
• I may please you
• During clinical trials, As
therapeutic agent
• Form of medication
•Personality of patient
•Personality of physician

49. DRUG DEVELOPMENT
PHASE PRIMARY GOAL
Preclinical Testing of drug in non-human subjects, to gather efficacy, toxicity and
pharmacokinetic information
Phase 0 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics particularly oral bioavailability and half-life of the
drug
Phase I Testing of drug on healthy volunteers for dose-ranging
Phase II Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy and safety
Phase III Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety
Phase IV Post-marketing surveillance – watching drug use in public

50. Pharmacokinetic Parameters

51. ABSORPTION
•Passage of drug from site of administration into the
general circulation

55. FIRST PASS EFFECT
•The fraction of lost drug during
the process of absorption
which is generally related to
the liver and gut wall

56. BIOAVAILABILITY
•Fraction of administered dose of drug that reaches
the systemic circulation in unchanged form
•When a medication is administered intravenously, its
bioavailability is 100%

57. BIOAVAILABILITY
• When a medication is administered via other routes, its
bioavailability generally decreases (due to incomplete absorption
and first-pass metabolism) or may vary from patient to patient.
• Must be considered when calculating dosages for non-intravenous
routes of administration.

58. BIOTRANSFORMATION/ METABOLISM
• Chemical conversion of a drug to an active or inactive
compound within the living organism
• Liver (major organ), lungs, kidneys, adrenal gland, brain
•Pro-drug

59. EXCRETION OF DRUGS
•Process by which a drug or its metabolite is
eliminated from the body
•Kidneys (major organ), lungs, intestines, bile, saliva,
sweat, skin

60. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
•Side effects
•Toxic effects
•Intolerance

61. Prescription Writing &
related concepts

62. PRESCRIPTION
Written, verbal, or electronic order
from a practitioner to a pharmacist
for a particular medication for a
specific patient.

63. PRESCRIPTION FORMAT
•Heading
•Body
•Closing

66. APPROXIMATE MEASURES
Unfortunately drugs are measured by kitchen utensils;
• 1 Teaspoonful = 5ml
• 1 Dessertspoonful = 8ml
• 1 Tablespoonful = 15ml
• 1 teacup = 125ml OR 4oz.
• 1 Glass = 250ml OR 8oz.

67. Thanks