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Libya
Risk Summary
Avoid any demonstrations or large gatherings of people. If you become aware of any
nearby violence you should leave the area immediately.
Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at
night.
Keep a low profile and try to limit travelling around as much as possible, particularly at
night. There is a high threat from crime.
If you are entering Libya for work or business, you should get the right visa, or risk
deportation. See Entry Requirements.
3
Land border crossing points may close with little or no notice. The road to the Egyptian
land border is open but has numerous checkpoints and may be temporarily restricted
without notice. Access to the Tunisian land border may also be temporarily restricted
without notice. The land borders with Chad, Niger, Sudan and Algeria have been
temporarily closed
STANDING TRAVEL ADVICE
Advise against all but essential travel to Tripoli, Zuwara, Az Zawiya, al Khums, Zlitan,
and Misrata, and to the coastal towns from Ras Lanuf to the Egyptian Border, with the
exception of Benghazi. Advise against all travel to all other parts of Libya, including
Benghazi. There is a high threat from terrorism including kidnapping. This threat is
increased due to a threat of retaliatory attacks and fights between troops in the country
4
The real situation on ground:
Everyone knows that there is two governments in Libya as media show us, the first
one is in the east part of the country lead by Khalifa Hafter and based in Tobruk and
the second one based on western part of the country and (alwefaq) lead by Fayez Al-
saraj and based in Tripoli.
The reality is that the is many troops rolls the country and Libya is divided to 5 parts
each of them have his own militia and none of them is a legitimate army and these
areas as below:
1- Al-Karama Armey: Lead by Khalefa Haftar and follow the orders of the
Parliament of Tobruk, this army is controlling most of the eastern part of the
country with small areas in the south and this is including
a. The Egyptian boarders
b. Cities of (Tobruk, Darnah, Albedah, Almarj, Bangazi, Agdabia)
c. Alliance with the big families in the eastern part such as Zantan,
Warfallah, Awager and Wareshfaneh families
2- Government of National Accord: based in Tripoli city in the western part of Libya
and control the following areas:
a. The Tunisian boarders
b. Cities of (Tripoli, Az zaweah, Sert, Sabha and Obari)
3- Mesrata: the city of Mesrata is controlling what it knows as Al-Bonian Al-Marsos
Army which controls:
a. The cost highway to Tripoli
b. Mesrata city
c. Large area from the central of the country
4- Saraya Al-Defa (Banghazi): it is a militia supported by ISIS with a small
influence in the cities (Tripoli, Bangazi, Azzaweah, Sert, some parts of the
south area)
5- Areas controlled by the big Tribe which is includes a very big area of the south
and this is includes Marzaq and Al-Kafarah governorate
Adding to that each city in the country have their own militia to protect the area
The whole situation in the country is keep changing rapidly and no one is safe over
there, the only way and the key of the successful business and to be safe and away of
kidnapped is by having alliance with the major tribes in each city and area of the
country and this is what Auxilium Assistance can do, adding to that our huge
connections in the country and our excellent relations with the different militia on the
ground
5
Personal Risk
CRIME
While official statistics are often inaccurate and difficult to access, crime levels in Tripoli
have significantly increased with the fall of the Gadhafi regime as local militias are
demobilized and there remains an absence of effective security and police structures.
Carjacking, robberies, burglaries, and thefts have noticeably increased in Tripoli. The
majority of the 16,000 criminals released by Gadhafi during the revolution have yet to
be re-apprehended. Police and judicial authorities are still in a state of transition, with
significant portions of the security infrastructure damaged or destroyed. The
Government of Libya, through the Ministries of Interior and Defense, has embarked on
a robust plan to integrate the various militia organizations under the two ministries.
However, reconstitution of police and security remains slow as the Government of
Libya tackles a wide range of policy issues in addition to demobilizing and retraining,
and re-equipping former militia fighters
TERRORISM
Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Libya. There remains a high threat
throughout the country of terrorist attacks and kidnap against foreigners, including from
Daesh-affiliated extremists (formerly referred to as ISIL) and Al Qaeda, as well as
armed militias. Since 2015, Daesh have attacked a number of oil and gas installations
and killed or kidnapped workers, including foreign nationals. See Safety and security
and Terrorism.
Fighting has caused the temporary suspension or closure of airports, closed roads and
led to the closure of some border crossings. All airports are vulnerable to attack. Tripoli
International Airport has been closed since 13 July 2014 and recently opened. Limited
commercial departure options are sometimes available, but you should check with your
airline. On 23 December 2016, an internal Afriqah Airways A320 flight from Sabha to
Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli was hijacked and diverted to Malta. All passengers
and crew were released and the motives of the hijackers were political.
There have been a number of attacks against Western interests. In January 2013, the
Italian Consul’s armored vehicle was attacked in Benghazi. Armed groups attacked
the US Consulate in Benghazi on in September 2012, resulting in a number of fatalities,
including the US Ambassador. In June 2012, there were several attacks against British
Embassy and US interests in Benghazi. In August 2012, the International Committee
of the Red Cross’s (ICRC) residential compound in Misrata was attacked by small and
heavy arms fire. The ICRC has suspended its operations in Misrata and Benghazi.
And recently 28th
June 2017 seven employees working for the UN kidnapped in
Azzaweah and in the same day they released
There have previously been specific threats to Westerners in Benghazi. Further threats
and attacks against Westerners, Western interests and symbolic targets are possible.
These could include international hotels, the General National Congress building and
other government and security institutions.
6
SOCIAL UNREST
Following a change of regime and government, the political situation in Libya remains
fragile. Many basic state institutions, including emergency services and tourist
facilities, are not yet fully operational. Although the security situation appears to have
improved, it remains difficult to assess and can change rapidly. Militia members
operate checkpoints within and between major cities. Libyan militia members are
poorly trained and loosely affiliated with the interim government. In some instances,
militias have made arrests on scant evidence and held detainees in substandard
conditions.
Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at
night, and even in those places that have previously avoided conflict. These often
include the use of heavy weapons.
Public demonstrations occur frequently in Libya in the central squares of cities, such
as Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli and Freedom Square in Benghazi. U.S. citizens are
advised to avoid these demonstrations and to take cover if they hear celebratory gun
fire.
CONFLICT
Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at
night, and even in those places that have previously avoided conflict. These often
include the use of heavy weapons.
Public demonstrations occur frequently in Libya in the central squares of cities, such
as Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli and Freedom Square in Benghazi. U.S. citizens are
advised to avoid these demonstrations and to take cover if they hear celebratory gun
fire.
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
Emergency
Numbers
Police 1515
Ambulance services 191
7
Country Stability
POLITICAL SITUATION
Libya is governed under a temporary Constitutional Declaration, after the defeat of the
previous government in the 2011 civil war. Under the Declaration, Libya is a
parliamentary republic governed by the General National Congress (GNC), which was
elected in July 2011. The executive branch is appointed by the GNC and led by the
Prime Minister, while the President of the GNC is the de facto head of state, though
not explicitly described as such in the Declaration.
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly, which will write
Libya's permanent constitution, for approval by a referendum. However, there is
considerable debate about whether the GNC should hold elections to the assembly, or
appoint its members themselves
CORRUPTION
Prior to the revolution in 2010 Libya ranked 146 out of 178 countries on the Corruption
Perceptions list compiled by Transparency International. In 2011 it fell to 148th place,
and in 2012 fell several places to rank 168th. However in 2012 the country made a
modest improvement, rising to 160th place.
In early 2012 Libya's post-revolutionary leader Mustafa Abdul-Jalil warned that LIbya
would take years to overcome its "heavy heritage" of corruption, to combat a culture
of mistrust and to build state institutions and the rule of law.In particular, in an August
2012 interview, Libyan Health Minister Fatima Hamroush raised concerns about a type
of "new corruption" arising in the Libyan health sector. This related to a fund
established parallel to the Health Ministry, reporting directly to the Prime Minister,
which was reportedly misusing funds designed to secure medical treatment abroad for
those injured during the 2011 war.
NATURAL DISASTERS
Hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and
fall; dust storms, sandstorms
8
RECENT HISTORY
The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did
not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed
to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military
coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI began to espouse his political system,
the Third Universal Theory. The system was a combination of socialism and Islam
derived in part from tribal practices and was supposed to be implemented by the Libyan
people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI used oil funds
during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting
subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In
addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern Chad's
Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian
politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI
politically following the downing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. During
the 1990s, QADHAFI began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions
were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya accepted
responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing. In December 2003, Libya announced that it
had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction
and to renounce terrorism. QADHAFI subsequently made significant strides in
normalizing relations with Western nations. The US rescinded Libya's designation as
a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In August 2008, the US and Libya signed a
bilateral comprehensive claims settlement agreement to compensate claimants in both
countries who allege injury or death at the hands of the other country, including the
Lockerbie bombing, the LaBelle disco bombing, and the UTA 772 bombing. In October
2008, the US Government received $1.5 billion pursuant to the agreement to distribute
to US national claimants, and as a result effectively normalized its bilateral relationship
with Libya. The two countries then exchanged ambassadors for the first time since
1973 in January 2009. Libya in May 2010 was elected to its first three-year seat on the
UN Human Rights Council, prompting protests from international non-governmental
organizations and human rights campaigners. Unrest that began in several Near
Eastern and North African countries in late December 2010 spread to several Libyan
cities in early 2011. In March 2011, a Transitional National Council (TNC) was formed
in Benghazi with the stated aim of overthrowing the QADHAFI regime and guiding the
country to democracy. In response to QADHAFI's harsh military crackdown on
protesters, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, which demanded an
immediate ceasefire and authorized the international community to establish a no-fly
zone over Libya. After several months of see-saw fighting, anti-QADHAFI forces in
August 2011 captured the capital, Tripoli. In mid-September, the UN General
Assembly voted to recognize the TNC as the legitimate interim governing body of
Libya. The TNC on 23 October officially declared the country liberated following the
defeat of the last remaining pro-QADHAFI stronghold and QADHAFI's death. In July
2012, Libya held its first post-QADHAFI nationwide election, which resulted in the
formation of a 200-member National Congress (NC). In August 2012, the NC elected
a congress president and in October, a new prime minister.
9
Standard of Care
Standard of Health Care
As a result of international sanctions, only lifted in 2004, healthcare in Libya has had
to evolve almost entirely independently of international influence. Though these public
and private sectors have managed without the help of a global presence thus far, the
absence of aid has left plenty of room for improvement. It is highly likely that healthcare
in Libya will be considered sub-par by many expats.
The system remains mediocre predominately due to the fact that Libya is a low-middle
income country. According to statistics, Libya only spends 3.3 percent of its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare. This ranks the nation 170 out of 185 countries
where data was collected – lower than nearly all North African countries.
Even Libyan locals often pursue medical facilities abroad for the more chronic
conditions that plague the country’s population – such as cardiovascular diseases and
diabetes.
Thus, it is highly recommended that expats consider medical options abroad if a
serious condition arises. That means your medical insurance package should provide
for emergency repatriation.
Paying for Health Care
Most of the clinics and hospitals accept cash only; some new facilities start accepting
Visa card but still rare service
Dental Care
Many modern dental centers are recently open in Libya, the level of dental care start
to be good.
Alnairoz Dental Clinic
Hay Andales (Beside the Algerian Ambassador's Residence) - Tripoli
Phone Number +218 21 4770203
+218 92 2195175
Emailalnairoz_dentalclinic@yahoo.com
Ashams dental clinic
Alquoshe – Scond circle Road - Musratah
Dr. Abdulbaset
+218 51 261 1006
+218 51 261 1006
+218 91 363 6061/ 92 628 3064
10
Flowers dental clinic
Friday market – Tripoli
+218 21-3501840
mihod2003@yahoo.com
Nor Dental Clinic
Fkany St., Tripoli, Libya
+218 21-7120882
Blood Supplies
Blood supply may not be adequately screened and/or single-use, disposable needles
and syringes may be unavailable. When possible, travelers should defer medical
treatment until reaching a facility where safety can be assured
Medication Availability
It is advisable to bring a small medical kit with you while traveling including things such
as Band-Aids, antibiotic ointment, Ibuprofen, Benadryl, Imodium, and hand sanitizer,
but there are also pharmacies in Libya where you can purchase medicines that you
may need. Any prescription medication should be brought with you for the entire trip.
Clinics & Hospitals
The private healthcare sector is emerging in the country and currently provides a better
standard of healthcare compared to the state run system - especially in Tripoli. The
Libyan government has encouraged the expansion of private family clinics and
hospitals within the country and there has been a steady growth of privately operated
healthcare facilities. The private healthcare sector is slowly expanding partly because
large companies operating in Libya provide subsidized private medical insurance for
employees. As Libya re-establishes relations with European and American
governments, the long term future for expansion of the private healthcare sector is
positive as demand grows from the increasing wealth of the local community and from
the number of expatriate workers.
The Tripoli Medical Center is a publicly operated hospital with approximately 1450
beds and 1000 doctors. The hospital is a referral hospital and provides a
comprehensive range of medical services. In 2006, the Libyan government allocated
a multi-million dollar budget for the Libyan health sector, with the Tripoli Medical Centre
being a major part of a plan to improve healthcare services.
11
The Al Afia Hospital is also based in the capital Tripoli, providing in-patient and
outpatient care. There is a surgical team present in the hospital, providing a range of
medical treatments and healthcare services. The Al Afia Hospital is one of Libya's more
comprehensive healthcare providers and foreign nationals seeking treatment may feel
more comfortable receiving treatment from this healthcare facility as it is one of the
more modern in the country.
The Al Khadra Hospital was established in the 1960's designed to provide healthcare
services for patients across the country and can cater for more than 500 in-patients; it
offers one of the better comprehensive healthcare medical services in the country.
Emergency services, intensive care units, laboratories, operating theaters,
immunization clinics, paediatric care and a surgical team are all present within this
hospital.
If a visitor is planning on traveling to the remote or desert regions of Libya, they will
need to be aware that access to timely and effective medical treatment may be
impossible. Even if there is a pre-arrangement with an international air ambulatory
service, the service might not be permitted to carry out its duties due to restrictions
imposed within Libya. It is important to bear-in-mind the potential danger which may
arise from venturing outside urbanized areas of Libya and it is important to ensure
contingency plans are made.
In 2009, the Libyan authorities confirmed there had been a small outbreak of bubonic
plague in the Al-Tarsha region of Libya. The health concerns were contained and there
were no further confirmed cases. Before traveling to Libya, it is recommended that a
visitor should obtain a consultation with a doctor for up-to-date information on health
issues affecting the country and to ensure all vaccinations and medical precautions
are taken to minimize the risk of become ill while in the country.
12
Food & Water
Food and Water Precautions
Diseases from food and water are the leading cause of illness in travelers. Follow these
tips for safe eating and drinking:
Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially before eating. If soap
and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand gel (with at least 60%
alcohol).
Drink only bottled or boiled water, or carbonated (bubbly) drinks in cans or
bottles. Avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes. If this is not possible,
learn how to make water safer to drink.
Do not eat food purchased from street vendors.
Make sure food is fully cooked.
Avoid dairy products, unless you know they have been pasteurized.
Diseases from food and water often cause vomiting and diarrhea. Make sure
to bring diarrhea medicine with you so that you can treat mild cases yourself.
13
Getting Around
BY AIR
The vast majority of international flights into Libya arrives at Tripoli International
Airport, Benghazi’s Al-Abraq Airport. A small number of flights also use Tripoli’s Metiga
Airport and Sebha’s airport.
BY ROAD
There are about 83,200 km of roads in Libya, 47,590 km of which are surfaced. 234
out of 1000 Libyans have cars, which is the highest rate in Africa. The best roads run
along the coast between Tripoli and Tunis in Tunisia; also between Benghazi and
Tobruk, connecting with Alexandria in Egypt. A fairly efficient bus service operates
along these routes, with two main bus transport companies. One covers long-distance,
international routes, while the other is chiefly engaged in shorter trips between towns.
Bus fares are low and the standard of comfort, particularly on international routes is
good, with air-conditioned vehicles and good service
Driving Safety
Driving standards in Libya are poor and the country has a high traffic accident rate.
The situation is exacerbated by lax enforcement of traffic laws and poor road
conditions, particularly outside of main cities and towns, and poorly maintained
vehicles. The threat of accidents increases further at night and during sandstorms
when visibility is greatly reduced.
Checkpoints are a common feature across main towns in Libya. These can be manned
by former rebel fighters, as well as interim government troops and police. These
checkpoints are designed to stem the flow of weaponry in the respective cities and
ensure that anti-government elements and former regime supporters are not able to
transit into the respective cities to conduct attacks.
Many of the checkpoints are manned by inexperienced and poorly trained personnel,
which raises the possibility of misunderstandings and security threats. Expats should
always have all the necessary paperwork with them when travelling across the country
to avoid confrontations.
14
Language & Money
LANGUAGE
The de facto official language of Libya is Modern Standard Arabic. The majority of the
population, about 95%, has one of the many varieties of Arabic as native language,
most prominently Libyan Arabic, but also Egyptian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic and other
varieties.
English is the most notable foreign language in business and for economical purposes
and also spoken by the young generation. Moreover, there are thousands of young
Libyan professionals who were educated in universities in the United Kingdom and
Ireland. Italian is still known to some degree by some old people, mainly in the form of
Libyan Italian. After the Libyan, civil war and the help coming from France, the French
language started for the first time to be popular among the young generation. For that
reason, France will encourage the teaching of the French language in Libya
MONEY
The Libyan Dinar was introduced in 1971 by the Central Bank of Libya as a
replacement of the Jonayh, Jnee, or Gnee; which recalls the old English guinea
originally was worth more than one pound: about £1.05 in today's money. The old
English guinea was used to pay gentlemen like artists, but the pound was the common
unit used to pay ordinary workers like labourers). ISO 4217 (or the currency code) of
the Libyan Dinar is LYD, which sometimes is found as LD.
The Value of The Libyan Dinar (1LYD):
The Libyan Dinar was worth $1.4 (US dollars) in the banks, but it is really hard to
exchange and find dollars in all banks across the country, and in the exchange shops
and in the black market the USD equals 7 Dinars
The Units of The Libyan Dinar:
One Libyan dinar (LYD 1) = 100 qirsh = 1000 dirham (or mellim).
Qirsh = 10 dirham.
The smallest coin in circulation is 5 qirsh (50 mellim or milliemes) or 5 pence.
The copper 1 pence and 2 pence coins are no longer in circulation, but are available
from Libyan banks.
The Libyan Dinar comes in the following notes:
¼ dinar (this note is no longer valid from the 1st of October 2010 - only the coin is
accepted [see bottom of this page])
½ dinar (this note is no longer valid from the 1st of October 2010 - only the coin is
accepted [see bottom of this page])
1 dinar
5 dinars
10 dinars
20 dinars
50 dinars
15
Cultural Tips
General Tips
Most Libyans consider themselves Arabs, although there is a strong Berber influence
in the population. Nearly 98% of the population is Berber-Arabic. There are small
communities of Greeks, Maltese, and Italians.
About 20% of the population are foreign workers, mostly from other Arab countries
such as Egypt, the Sudan, and Tunisia.
As Arabs the vast majority of Libyans are Muslim. Colonel Qaddafi states that Islam is
the only viable system that can help answer man's political, economic and social
problems on earth and provide him with happiness in the world to come. In November
1973, a new code of law appeared emphasizing Sharia law in all facets of the Libyan
legal system. After the Revolution in September 1969 and in compliance with Islamic
law, alcoholic beverages were outlawed. Bars and nightclubs were closed, and modest
and provocative entertainment was banned. The use of the Islamic Hijri calendar was
also made mandatory.
Until fairly recently the extended family was the norm. Today it is increasingly common
for young couples to set up home on their own. This is especially true of Tripoli.
It is important for Libyans to maintain the dignity, honour and a good reputation of their
families through their own conduct. This is a collective culture. In order to maintain a
sense of harmony, people will act with decorum at all times and not do not do anything
to cause someone else public embarrassment. Personal feelings and needs are often
subjugated for the good of the group.
Business Hours
Sunday-Wed: 8:00am-1:00pm and 2:00pm-5:00pm
Thursday: 8:00am-1:30pm
Country Demographics
Capital Tripoli
Population 5,613,380 (July 2012 est.)
Ethnic
Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians)
Religions Sunni Muslim (official) 97%, other 3%
Languages
Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities);
Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
Local Time Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +1 hour
16
Phone & Power
Telecommunications
Emergency Numbers
Police 1515
Dialing Codes
Country Code 218
Telephone Information
• General Posts and Telecommunications Company
• Libya Telecom & Technology
• Libyana, mobile phones
Electricity
Electricity in Libya is 220 Volts
Additional Electrical Information
Electricity in Libya is 230 Volts, alternating at 50 cycles per second. If you travel to
Libya with a device that does not accept 230 Volts at 50 Hertz, you will need a voltage
converter.
Geography & Weather
Climate
Both the Mediterranean Sea and the desert affect Libya's climate. In the winter, the
weather is cool with some rain on the coast and in the drier the desert temperature can
drop to sub-freezing at night.
The Sahara is basically very dry and hot in the summer and cool and dry in the winter.
Temperatures in the summer can reach 50°C during the day but more commonly are
around 40°C. Night temperatures can vary from 30 to 40°C. Some people have found
travelling in summer rewarding, most do not. The best time for visiting the Sahara is
probably from October to April, at this time temperatures range from 15 to 30°C during
the day and from 5 to 20°C at night. You are unlikely to encounter rainfall, but if you
do it is most likely in January or February and rarely lasts long. Often after the rains
the desert comes to life with flowers. This generally happens in late February or March.
17
GEOGRAPHY
Libya stretches along the northeast coast of Africa between Tunisia and Algeria on the
west and Egypt on the east; to the south are the Sudan, Chad, and Niger. It is one-
sixth larger than Alaska. Much of the country lies within the Sahara. Along the
Mediterranean coast and farther inland is arable plateau land.
Natural resources
Oil & Gas
The exploration of oil began in 1955, and by 1959 Libya's first oil fields were discovered
at Amal and Zelten. Around 40 countries were granted concession contracts to explore
and drill in an area of about 600,000km2. It was reported that when oil production
began in 1961 oil production in Libya was over 3 million bbl/d (around 16% of OPEC's
total), and that after 1969's government measures were introduced "to halt this
depletion". In 2010 oil production was down to 1.47 million bbl/d.
Major Oil & Gas Fields In Libya:
• Al Jurf
• Amal
• Beda
• Bouri
• Bu Attifel
• Defa-Waha
• El Sharara
• Elephant
• Ghani
• Gialo
• Hofra
• Intisar
• Kabir
• Mabruk
• Murzuq
• Nafoora
• Nasser
• NC-41
• NC-186 fields
• Omar
• Sarah
• Sarir
• Wafa
• Zella
• Zenad
18
• Zueitina
AA Capability
Medical Treatment:
In case of any medical treatment required, we can arrange in house doctors or
transporting the patients along with security companion to protect him agents
kidnapping and other risks, our representatives in all Libyan country are 24/7
ready to serve any of our clients
Medical Evacuation
Medical evacuation service is available for locals only and Libyan air
ambulance can’t fly internationally, they give the service between the cities
only.
Medical evacuation service is available for locals only and Libyan air
ambulance can’t fly internationally, they give the service between the cities
only.
You have to know that most of the air ambulance providers can’t fly to Libya
due to the political situation, but some of our providers are willing to do, adding
to that we can arrange with the Egyptian army to use some of their helicopters
to evacuate any casualty near to the boarder or in the range of the helicopter
and for sure in the areas that controlled by Al-Karamah Army

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Libya medical plan

  • 1. 1
  • 2. 2 Libya Risk Summary Avoid any demonstrations or large gatherings of people. If you become aware of any nearby violence you should leave the area immediately. Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at night. Keep a low profile and try to limit travelling around as much as possible, particularly at night. There is a high threat from crime. If you are entering Libya for work or business, you should get the right visa, or risk deportation. See Entry Requirements.
  • 3. 3 Land border crossing points may close with little or no notice. The road to the Egyptian land border is open but has numerous checkpoints and may be temporarily restricted without notice. Access to the Tunisian land border may also be temporarily restricted without notice. The land borders with Chad, Niger, Sudan and Algeria have been temporarily closed STANDING TRAVEL ADVICE Advise against all but essential travel to Tripoli, Zuwara, Az Zawiya, al Khums, Zlitan, and Misrata, and to the coastal towns from Ras Lanuf to the Egyptian Border, with the exception of Benghazi. Advise against all travel to all other parts of Libya, including Benghazi. There is a high threat from terrorism including kidnapping. This threat is increased due to a threat of retaliatory attacks and fights between troops in the country
  • 4. 4 The real situation on ground: Everyone knows that there is two governments in Libya as media show us, the first one is in the east part of the country lead by Khalifa Hafter and based in Tobruk and the second one based on western part of the country and (alwefaq) lead by Fayez Al- saraj and based in Tripoli. The reality is that the is many troops rolls the country and Libya is divided to 5 parts each of them have his own militia and none of them is a legitimate army and these areas as below: 1- Al-Karama Armey: Lead by Khalefa Haftar and follow the orders of the Parliament of Tobruk, this army is controlling most of the eastern part of the country with small areas in the south and this is including a. The Egyptian boarders b. Cities of (Tobruk, Darnah, Albedah, Almarj, Bangazi, Agdabia) c. Alliance with the big families in the eastern part such as Zantan, Warfallah, Awager and Wareshfaneh families 2- Government of National Accord: based in Tripoli city in the western part of Libya and control the following areas: a. The Tunisian boarders b. Cities of (Tripoli, Az zaweah, Sert, Sabha and Obari) 3- Mesrata: the city of Mesrata is controlling what it knows as Al-Bonian Al-Marsos Army which controls: a. The cost highway to Tripoli b. Mesrata city c. Large area from the central of the country 4- Saraya Al-Defa (Banghazi): it is a militia supported by ISIS with a small influence in the cities (Tripoli, Bangazi, Azzaweah, Sert, some parts of the south area) 5- Areas controlled by the big Tribe which is includes a very big area of the south and this is includes Marzaq and Al-Kafarah governorate Adding to that each city in the country have their own militia to protect the area The whole situation in the country is keep changing rapidly and no one is safe over there, the only way and the key of the successful business and to be safe and away of kidnapped is by having alliance with the major tribes in each city and area of the country and this is what Auxilium Assistance can do, adding to that our huge connections in the country and our excellent relations with the different militia on the ground
  • 5. 5 Personal Risk CRIME While official statistics are often inaccurate and difficult to access, crime levels in Tripoli have significantly increased with the fall of the Gadhafi regime as local militias are demobilized and there remains an absence of effective security and police structures. Carjacking, robberies, burglaries, and thefts have noticeably increased in Tripoli. The majority of the 16,000 criminals released by Gadhafi during the revolution have yet to be re-apprehended. Police and judicial authorities are still in a state of transition, with significant portions of the security infrastructure damaged or destroyed. The Government of Libya, through the Ministries of Interior and Defense, has embarked on a robust plan to integrate the various militia organizations under the two ministries. However, reconstitution of police and security remains slow as the Government of Libya tackles a wide range of policy issues in addition to demobilizing and retraining, and re-equipping former militia fighters TERRORISM Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Libya. There remains a high threat throughout the country of terrorist attacks and kidnap against foreigners, including from Daesh-affiliated extremists (formerly referred to as ISIL) and Al Qaeda, as well as armed militias. Since 2015, Daesh have attacked a number of oil and gas installations and killed or kidnapped workers, including foreign nationals. See Safety and security and Terrorism. Fighting has caused the temporary suspension or closure of airports, closed roads and led to the closure of some border crossings. All airports are vulnerable to attack. Tripoli International Airport has been closed since 13 July 2014 and recently opened. Limited commercial departure options are sometimes available, but you should check with your airline. On 23 December 2016, an internal Afriqah Airways A320 flight from Sabha to Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli was hijacked and diverted to Malta. All passengers and crew were released and the motives of the hijackers were political. There have been a number of attacks against Western interests. In January 2013, the Italian Consul’s armored vehicle was attacked in Benghazi. Armed groups attacked the US Consulate in Benghazi on in September 2012, resulting in a number of fatalities, including the US Ambassador. In June 2012, there were several attacks against British Embassy and US interests in Benghazi. In August 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross’s (ICRC) residential compound in Misrata was attacked by small and heavy arms fire. The ICRC has suspended its operations in Misrata and Benghazi. And recently 28th June 2017 seven employees working for the UN kidnapped in Azzaweah and in the same day they released There have previously been specific threats to Westerners in Benghazi. Further threats and attacks against Westerners, Western interests and symbolic targets are possible. These could include international hotels, the General National Congress building and other government and security institutions.
  • 6. 6 SOCIAL UNREST Following a change of regime and government, the political situation in Libya remains fragile. Many basic state institutions, including emergency services and tourist facilities, are not yet fully operational. Although the security situation appears to have improved, it remains difficult to assess and can change rapidly. Militia members operate checkpoints within and between major cities. Libyan militia members are poorly trained and loosely affiliated with the interim government. In some instances, militias have made arrests on scant evidence and held detainees in substandard conditions. Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at night, and even in those places that have previously avoided conflict. These often include the use of heavy weapons. Public demonstrations occur frequently in Libya in the central squares of cities, such as Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli and Freedom Square in Benghazi. U.S. citizens are advised to avoid these demonstrations and to take cover if they hear celebratory gun fire. CONFLICT Violent clashes between armed groups are possible across the country, particularly at night, and even in those places that have previously avoided conflict. These often include the use of heavy weapons. Public demonstrations occur frequently in Libya in the central squares of cities, such as Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli and Freedom Square in Benghazi. U.S. citizens are advised to avoid these demonstrations and to take cover if they hear celebratory gun fire. EMERGENCY NUMBERS Emergency Numbers Police 1515 Ambulance services 191
  • 7. 7 Country Stability POLITICAL SITUATION Libya is governed under a temporary Constitutional Declaration, after the defeat of the previous government in the 2011 civil war. Under the Declaration, Libya is a parliamentary republic governed by the General National Congress (GNC), which was elected in July 2011. The executive branch is appointed by the GNC and led by the Prime Minister, while the President of the GNC is the de facto head of state, though not explicitly described as such in the Declaration. The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly, which will write Libya's permanent constitution, for approval by a referendum. However, there is considerable debate about whether the GNC should hold elections to the assembly, or appoint its members themselves CORRUPTION Prior to the revolution in 2010 Libya ranked 146 out of 178 countries on the Corruption Perceptions list compiled by Transparency International. In 2011 it fell to 148th place, and in 2012 fell several places to rank 168th. However in 2012 the country made a modest improvement, rising to 160th place. In early 2012 Libya's post-revolutionary leader Mustafa Abdul-Jalil warned that LIbya would take years to overcome its "heavy heritage" of corruption, to combat a culture of mistrust and to build state institutions and the rule of law.In particular, in an August 2012 interview, Libyan Health Minister Fatima Hamroush raised concerns about a type of "new corruption" arising in the Libyan health sector. This related to a fund established parallel to the Health Ministry, reporting directly to the Prime Minister, which was reportedly misusing funds designed to secure medical treatment abroad for those injured during the 2011 war. NATURAL DISASTERS Hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
  • 8. 8 RECENT HISTORY The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI began to espouse his political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system was a combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and was supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. During the 1990s, QADHAFI began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya accepted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing. In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism. QADHAFI subsequently made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. The US rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In August 2008, the US and Libya signed a bilateral comprehensive claims settlement agreement to compensate claimants in both countries who allege injury or death at the hands of the other country, including the Lockerbie bombing, the LaBelle disco bombing, and the UTA 772 bombing. In October 2008, the US Government received $1.5 billion pursuant to the agreement to distribute to US national claimants, and as a result effectively normalized its bilateral relationship with Libya. The two countries then exchanged ambassadors for the first time since 1973 in January 2009. Libya in May 2010 was elected to its first three-year seat on the UN Human Rights Council, prompting protests from international non-governmental organizations and human rights campaigners. Unrest that began in several Near Eastern and North African countries in late December 2010 spread to several Libyan cities in early 2011. In March 2011, a Transitional National Council (TNC) was formed in Benghazi with the stated aim of overthrowing the QADHAFI regime and guiding the country to democracy. In response to QADHAFI's harsh military crackdown on protesters, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, which demanded an immediate ceasefire and authorized the international community to establish a no-fly zone over Libya. After several months of see-saw fighting, anti-QADHAFI forces in August 2011 captured the capital, Tripoli. In mid-September, the UN General Assembly voted to recognize the TNC as the legitimate interim governing body of Libya. The TNC on 23 October officially declared the country liberated following the defeat of the last remaining pro-QADHAFI stronghold and QADHAFI's death. In July 2012, Libya held its first post-QADHAFI nationwide election, which resulted in the formation of a 200-member National Congress (NC). In August 2012, the NC elected a congress president and in October, a new prime minister.
  • 9. 9 Standard of Care Standard of Health Care As a result of international sanctions, only lifted in 2004, healthcare in Libya has had to evolve almost entirely independently of international influence. Though these public and private sectors have managed without the help of a global presence thus far, the absence of aid has left plenty of room for improvement. It is highly likely that healthcare in Libya will be considered sub-par by many expats. The system remains mediocre predominately due to the fact that Libya is a low-middle income country. According to statistics, Libya only spends 3.3 percent of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare. This ranks the nation 170 out of 185 countries where data was collected – lower than nearly all North African countries. Even Libyan locals often pursue medical facilities abroad for the more chronic conditions that plague the country’s population – such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Thus, it is highly recommended that expats consider medical options abroad if a serious condition arises. That means your medical insurance package should provide for emergency repatriation. Paying for Health Care Most of the clinics and hospitals accept cash only; some new facilities start accepting Visa card but still rare service Dental Care Many modern dental centers are recently open in Libya, the level of dental care start to be good. Alnairoz Dental Clinic Hay Andales (Beside the Algerian Ambassador's Residence) - Tripoli Phone Number +218 21 4770203 +218 92 2195175 Emailalnairoz_dentalclinic@yahoo.com Ashams dental clinic Alquoshe – Scond circle Road - Musratah Dr. Abdulbaset +218 51 261 1006 +218 51 261 1006 +218 91 363 6061/ 92 628 3064
  • 10. 10 Flowers dental clinic Friday market – Tripoli +218 21-3501840 mihod2003@yahoo.com Nor Dental Clinic Fkany St., Tripoli, Libya +218 21-7120882 Blood Supplies Blood supply may not be adequately screened and/or single-use, disposable needles and syringes may be unavailable. When possible, travelers should defer medical treatment until reaching a facility where safety can be assured Medication Availability It is advisable to bring a small medical kit with you while traveling including things such as Band-Aids, antibiotic ointment, Ibuprofen, Benadryl, Imodium, and hand sanitizer, but there are also pharmacies in Libya where you can purchase medicines that you may need. Any prescription medication should be brought with you for the entire trip. Clinics & Hospitals The private healthcare sector is emerging in the country and currently provides a better standard of healthcare compared to the state run system - especially in Tripoli. The Libyan government has encouraged the expansion of private family clinics and hospitals within the country and there has been a steady growth of privately operated healthcare facilities. The private healthcare sector is slowly expanding partly because large companies operating in Libya provide subsidized private medical insurance for employees. As Libya re-establishes relations with European and American governments, the long term future for expansion of the private healthcare sector is positive as demand grows from the increasing wealth of the local community and from the number of expatriate workers. The Tripoli Medical Center is a publicly operated hospital with approximately 1450 beds and 1000 doctors. The hospital is a referral hospital and provides a comprehensive range of medical services. In 2006, the Libyan government allocated a multi-million dollar budget for the Libyan health sector, with the Tripoli Medical Centre being a major part of a plan to improve healthcare services.
  • 11. 11 The Al Afia Hospital is also based in the capital Tripoli, providing in-patient and outpatient care. There is a surgical team present in the hospital, providing a range of medical treatments and healthcare services. The Al Afia Hospital is one of Libya's more comprehensive healthcare providers and foreign nationals seeking treatment may feel more comfortable receiving treatment from this healthcare facility as it is one of the more modern in the country. The Al Khadra Hospital was established in the 1960's designed to provide healthcare services for patients across the country and can cater for more than 500 in-patients; it offers one of the better comprehensive healthcare medical services in the country. Emergency services, intensive care units, laboratories, operating theaters, immunization clinics, paediatric care and a surgical team are all present within this hospital. If a visitor is planning on traveling to the remote or desert regions of Libya, they will need to be aware that access to timely and effective medical treatment may be impossible. Even if there is a pre-arrangement with an international air ambulatory service, the service might not be permitted to carry out its duties due to restrictions imposed within Libya. It is important to bear-in-mind the potential danger which may arise from venturing outside urbanized areas of Libya and it is important to ensure contingency plans are made. In 2009, the Libyan authorities confirmed there had been a small outbreak of bubonic plague in the Al-Tarsha region of Libya. The health concerns were contained and there were no further confirmed cases. Before traveling to Libya, it is recommended that a visitor should obtain a consultation with a doctor for up-to-date information on health issues affecting the country and to ensure all vaccinations and medical precautions are taken to minimize the risk of become ill while in the country.
  • 12. 12 Food & Water Food and Water Precautions Diseases from food and water are the leading cause of illness in travelers. Follow these tips for safe eating and drinking: Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially before eating. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand gel (with at least 60% alcohol). Drink only bottled or boiled water, or carbonated (bubbly) drinks in cans or bottles. Avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes. If this is not possible, learn how to make water safer to drink. Do not eat food purchased from street vendors. Make sure food is fully cooked. Avoid dairy products, unless you know they have been pasteurized. Diseases from food and water often cause vomiting and diarrhea. Make sure to bring diarrhea medicine with you so that you can treat mild cases yourself.
  • 13. 13 Getting Around BY AIR The vast majority of international flights into Libya arrives at Tripoli International Airport, Benghazi’s Al-Abraq Airport. A small number of flights also use Tripoli’s Metiga Airport and Sebha’s airport. BY ROAD There are about 83,200 km of roads in Libya, 47,590 km of which are surfaced. 234 out of 1000 Libyans have cars, which is the highest rate in Africa. The best roads run along the coast between Tripoli and Tunis in Tunisia; also between Benghazi and Tobruk, connecting with Alexandria in Egypt. A fairly efficient bus service operates along these routes, with two main bus transport companies. One covers long-distance, international routes, while the other is chiefly engaged in shorter trips between towns. Bus fares are low and the standard of comfort, particularly on international routes is good, with air-conditioned vehicles and good service Driving Safety Driving standards in Libya are poor and the country has a high traffic accident rate. The situation is exacerbated by lax enforcement of traffic laws and poor road conditions, particularly outside of main cities and towns, and poorly maintained vehicles. The threat of accidents increases further at night and during sandstorms when visibility is greatly reduced. Checkpoints are a common feature across main towns in Libya. These can be manned by former rebel fighters, as well as interim government troops and police. These checkpoints are designed to stem the flow of weaponry in the respective cities and ensure that anti-government elements and former regime supporters are not able to transit into the respective cities to conduct attacks. Many of the checkpoints are manned by inexperienced and poorly trained personnel, which raises the possibility of misunderstandings and security threats. Expats should always have all the necessary paperwork with them when travelling across the country to avoid confrontations.
  • 14. 14 Language & Money LANGUAGE The de facto official language of Libya is Modern Standard Arabic. The majority of the population, about 95%, has one of the many varieties of Arabic as native language, most prominently Libyan Arabic, but also Egyptian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic and other varieties. English is the most notable foreign language in business and for economical purposes and also spoken by the young generation. Moreover, there are thousands of young Libyan professionals who were educated in universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Italian is still known to some degree by some old people, mainly in the form of Libyan Italian. After the Libyan, civil war and the help coming from France, the French language started for the first time to be popular among the young generation. For that reason, France will encourage the teaching of the French language in Libya MONEY The Libyan Dinar was introduced in 1971 by the Central Bank of Libya as a replacement of the Jonayh, Jnee, or Gnee; which recalls the old English guinea originally was worth more than one pound: about £1.05 in today's money. The old English guinea was used to pay gentlemen like artists, but the pound was the common unit used to pay ordinary workers like labourers). ISO 4217 (or the currency code) of the Libyan Dinar is LYD, which sometimes is found as LD. The Value of The Libyan Dinar (1LYD): The Libyan Dinar was worth $1.4 (US dollars) in the banks, but it is really hard to exchange and find dollars in all banks across the country, and in the exchange shops and in the black market the USD equals 7 Dinars The Units of The Libyan Dinar: One Libyan dinar (LYD 1) = 100 qirsh = 1000 dirham (or mellim). Qirsh = 10 dirham. The smallest coin in circulation is 5 qirsh (50 mellim or milliemes) or 5 pence. The copper 1 pence and 2 pence coins are no longer in circulation, but are available from Libyan banks. The Libyan Dinar comes in the following notes: ¼ dinar (this note is no longer valid from the 1st of October 2010 - only the coin is accepted [see bottom of this page]) ½ dinar (this note is no longer valid from the 1st of October 2010 - only the coin is accepted [see bottom of this page]) 1 dinar 5 dinars 10 dinars 20 dinars 50 dinars
  • 15. 15 Cultural Tips General Tips Most Libyans consider themselves Arabs, although there is a strong Berber influence in the population. Nearly 98% of the population is Berber-Arabic. There are small communities of Greeks, Maltese, and Italians. About 20% of the population are foreign workers, mostly from other Arab countries such as Egypt, the Sudan, and Tunisia. As Arabs the vast majority of Libyans are Muslim. Colonel Qaddafi states that Islam is the only viable system that can help answer man's political, economic and social problems on earth and provide him with happiness in the world to come. In November 1973, a new code of law appeared emphasizing Sharia law in all facets of the Libyan legal system. After the Revolution in September 1969 and in compliance with Islamic law, alcoholic beverages were outlawed. Bars and nightclubs were closed, and modest and provocative entertainment was banned. The use of the Islamic Hijri calendar was also made mandatory. Until fairly recently the extended family was the norm. Today it is increasingly common for young couples to set up home on their own. This is especially true of Tripoli. It is important for Libyans to maintain the dignity, honour and a good reputation of their families through their own conduct. This is a collective culture. In order to maintain a sense of harmony, people will act with decorum at all times and not do not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment. Personal feelings and needs are often subjugated for the good of the group. Business Hours Sunday-Wed: 8:00am-1:00pm and 2:00pm-5:00pm Thursday: 8:00am-1:30pm Country Demographics Capital Tripoli Population 5,613,380 (July 2012 est.) Ethnic Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians) Religions Sunni Muslim (official) 97%, other 3% Languages Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq) Local Time Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +1 hour
  • 16. 16 Phone & Power Telecommunications Emergency Numbers Police 1515 Dialing Codes Country Code 218 Telephone Information • General Posts and Telecommunications Company • Libya Telecom & Technology • Libyana, mobile phones Electricity Electricity in Libya is 220 Volts Additional Electrical Information Electricity in Libya is 230 Volts, alternating at 50 cycles per second. If you travel to Libya with a device that does not accept 230 Volts at 50 Hertz, you will need a voltage converter. Geography & Weather Climate Both the Mediterranean Sea and the desert affect Libya's climate. In the winter, the weather is cool with some rain on the coast and in the drier the desert temperature can drop to sub-freezing at night. The Sahara is basically very dry and hot in the summer and cool and dry in the winter. Temperatures in the summer can reach 50°C during the day but more commonly are around 40°C. Night temperatures can vary from 30 to 40°C. Some people have found travelling in summer rewarding, most do not. The best time for visiting the Sahara is probably from October to April, at this time temperatures range from 15 to 30°C during the day and from 5 to 20°C at night. You are unlikely to encounter rainfall, but if you do it is most likely in January or February and rarely lasts long. Often after the rains the desert comes to life with flowers. This generally happens in late February or March.
  • 17. 17 GEOGRAPHY Libya stretches along the northeast coast of Africa between Tunisia and Algeria on the west and Egypt on the east; to the south are the Sudan, Chad, and Niger. It is one- sixth larger than Alaska. Much of the country lies within the Sahara. Along the Mediterranean coast and farther inland is arable plateau land. Natural resources Oil & Gas The exploration of oil began in 1955, and by 1959 Libya's first oil fields were discovered at Amal and Zelten. Around 40 countries were granted concession contracts to explore and drill in an area of about 600,000km2. It was reported that when oil production began in 1961 oil production in Libya was over 3 million bbl/d (around 16% of OPEC's total), and that after 1969's government measures were introduced "to halt this depletion". In 2010 oil production was down to 1.47 million bbl/d. Major Oil & Gas Fields In Libya: • Al Jurf • Amal • Beda • Bouri • Bu Attifel • Defa-Waha • El Sharara • Elephant • Ghani • Gialo • Hofra • Intisar • Kabir • Mabruk • Murzuq • Nafoora • Nasser • NC-41 • NC-186 fields • Omar • Sarah • Sarir • Wafa • Zella • Zenad
  • 18. 18 • Zueitina AA Capability Medical Treatment: In case of any medical treatment required, we can arrange in house doctors or transporting the patients along with security companion to protect him agents kidnapping and other risks, our representatives in all Libyan country are 24/7 ready to serve any of our clients Medical Evacuation Medical evacuation service is available for locals only and Libyan air ambulance can’t fly internationally, they give the service between the cities only. Medical evacuation service is available for locals only and Libyan air ambulance can’t fly internationally, they give the service between the cities only. You have to know that most of the air ambulance providers can’t fly to Libya due to the political situation, but some of our providers are willing to do, adding to that we can arrange with the Egyptian army to use some of their helicopters to evacuate any casualty near to the boarder or in the range of the helicopter and for sure in the areas that controlled by Al-Karamah Army