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1
Literature Searches
         4th Research Summer School
                    12 June 2012

           Taghreed Justinia Msc PhD
     Asst. Professor, Department of Health Informatics
 Asst. Director, Information & Communication Technology
                     KSAU-HS, NGHA
          Tel. +966 2 6240000 ext 26217 / 26210
             Email: JustiniaT@ngha.med.sa
In this session…


   Choosing Search Terms
   Search strategy Worksheet
   Conducting the Search
   Concepts
   Applying Practical Screening Criteria
   PubMed Example




                             3
Steps in
         literature review writing

   Selecting the research questions
   Selecting the sources
   Choosing search terms
   Conducting the search
   Applying practical screening criteria
   Critically appraising the literature
     Journals & Articles
     Websites



                             4
Citation List


 Searching databases will result in a list of citations,
  which include the information needed to locate the
  articles in print journals and other sources




                              5
Choosing Search Terms




          6
Bibliographic Databases


 Medicine
    MEDLINE (PubMed or Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO
 Multidisciplinary
    Scopus
    Web of Science
 Nursing and Allied Health
    CINAHL




                                  7
Break down the
                research question

   Select your database
   Break down the research question into concepts
   Identify subject headings for each concept
   Identify text words for each concept

     Use a “target article” to help identify search terms
      (keywords)
     Use a worksheet to keep track of your terms
     Your database will determine your subject headings and
      operators (i.e., truncation symbols)
                               8
Different databases have
           different subject headings

                Database                                         Subject Headings
Medline/PUBMED                                       MeSH
EMBASE                                               EMTREE
CINAHL                                               CINAHL Headings
Cochrane Library                                     MeSH
PsycINFO                                             Thesaurus of Psychological Index
                                                     Terms
Scopus, Web of Science                               N/A

   Select subject headings that are the closest match for your concept

   General descriptors: Anatomy
   More specific descriptors: Ankle
                                                 9
Search Strategy Worksheet
Search Strategy Worksheet_________________________________________________
Search statement: I am looking for articles about ___________________________________________________________________

After writing out the search statement, underline the key concepts. Decide how the concepts will be combined together using the
AND and OR Boolean operators. Concepts to be ANDed go across the grid and concepts to be ORed go down the grid.

Fill in the grid with the key concepts and possible synonyms for each concept.

                            AND                       AND                        AND                AND



OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR




Databases to search:___________________________________________________________________________________________

Limits to apply:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

                                                                 10
Key Operators in OVID
Operator             Command                                Example

   *       Find alternate endings to this     nurs* [will find nurse, nursing,
           word                               nurses]
 .tw.      Search for this term in the        anxiety.tw.
           Title and Abstract fields
 adj       Search for one term within x patient adj3 anxiety [will find
           number of terms from another patient within three words of
                                        anxiety]
AND        Find articles where both terms smoking AND cessation
           appear
 OR        Find articles where either         smoking OR tobacco
           term appears


                                         11
Conducting the Search




          12
Conducing the Search


 Start with your first concept
    Search for the subject headings first
    Then search text words
    Combine these synonymous searches with OR using your
     search history

 Repeat for your second, third, and subsequent concepts
 Finally, combine large search results set with AND

 Example MeSH search: hypertenstion AND toxicity
                             13
Concepts


Which concepts are contained in the question:

Does hand washing prevent MRSA in the ICU?


Hand washing
Prevention
MRSA
ICU


                            14
Does hand washing prevent
            MRSA in the ICU?

Hand washing   MRSA    ICU     Prevention




                      15
Getting the search results


Concept 1                          Concept 1

SEARCH 1                           SEARCH 6
SEARCH 2                           SEARCH 7
SEARCH 3                           SEARCH 8
SEARCH 4                           SEARCH 9

SEARCH 5 = 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4        SEARCH 10 = 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9


 SEARCH 11 = 5 AND 10 = RESULTS




                              16
Applying Practical
Screening Criteria




        17
Limits Examples


 Date of publication
   only studies conducted between 2005 and 2010

 Participants or subjects
   only children 6 to 12 years of age

 Publication language
   only materials written in English or French

 Research design
   only clinical trials

                                 18
PubMed Demonstration




         19
PubMed


 An example using MeSH terms

 MeSH = Medical Subject Heading

 Access the MeSH Database by choosing the option on
  the Pubmed homepage

 Click the search button without entering any search
  terms to go to the database homepage


                           20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Combining MeSH Terms




         28
29
Search for MeSH Terms


 With the first search term (MRSA) entered in the
  PubMed search builder, we can continue to use the
  MeSH Database to find terms and build our PubMed
  search




                         30
Combining Concepts


 We want to find articles that include both the concept
  of MRSA AND the concept of Hand washing.

 So we added our second term to the search builder
  with the default AND

 Both terms have been added and we can now click the
  Search PubMed button.



                            31
32
33
Good Search Results!


 This search yielded a good number of articles on out
  topic

 We can continue to build more MeSH terms and
  narrow down the search




                           34
Useful References


 Fink, A. (2005). Conducting Research Literature Reviews. London:
  Sage.
 Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper (3rd ed.). London: BMJ
  Publishing Group.
 Sackett, D., Straus, S., & Richardson, W. (2000). Evidence-based
  medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
 Wilson, P. (2002). How to find the good and avoid the bad or
  ugly. A short guide to tools for rating quality of health
  information on the internet. BMJ, 324, 598-602.




                                35
Useful Sites


 NHS Solutions for Public Health
  http://www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-workforce/resources
 CADTH. Grey Matters: a practical search tool for evidence-based
  medicine - http://cadth.ca/en/resources/grey-matters
 Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Interventions -
  http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/
 IOM (Institute of Medicine). Finding what works in health care:
  standards for systematic reviews -
  http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Stan




                               36
Questions?




    37

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RSS 2012 Literature Searches

  • 2. Literature Searches 4th Research Summer School 12 June 2012 Taghreed Justinia Msc PhD Asst. Professor, Department of Health Informatics Asst. Director, Information & Communication Technology KSAU-HS, NGHA Tel. +966 2 6240000 ext 26217 / 26210 Email: JustiniaT@ngha.med.sa
  • 3. In this session…  Choosing Search Terms  Search strategy Worksheet  Conducting the Search  Concepts  Applying Practical Screening Criteria  PubMed Example 3
  • 4. Steps in literature review writing  Selecting the research questions  Selecting the sources  Choosing search terms  Conducting the search  Applying practical screening criteria  Critically appraising the literature  Journals & Articles  Websites 4
  • 5. Citation List  Searching databases will result in a list of citations, which include the information needed to locate the articles in print journals and other sources 5
  • 7. Bibliographic Databases  Medicine  MEDLINE (PubMed or Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO  Multidisciplinary  Scopus  Web of Science  Nursing and Allied Health  CINAHL 7
  • 8. Break down the research question  Select your database  Break down the research question into concepts  Identify subject headings for each concept  Identify text words for each concept  Use a “target article” to help identify search terms (keywords)  Use a worksheet to keep track of your terms  Your database will determine your subject headings and operators (i.e., truncation symbols) 8
  • 9. Different databases have different subject headings Database Subject Headings Medline/PUBMED MeSH EMBASE EMTREE CINAHL CINAHL Headings Cochrane Library MeSH PsycINFO Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms Scopus, Web of Science N/A  Select subject headings that are the closest match for your concept  General descriptors: Anatomy  More specific descriptors: Ankle 9
  • 10. Search Strategy Worksheet Search Strategy Worksheet_________________________________________________ Search statement: I am looking for articles about ___________________________________________________________________ After writing out the search statement, underline the key concepts. Decide how the concepts will be combined together using the AND and OR Boolean operators. Concepts to be ANDed go across the grid and concepts to be ORed go down the grid. Fill in the grid with the key concepts and possible synonyms for each concept. AND AND AND AND OR OR OR OR OR OR OR Databases to search:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Limits to apply:_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10
  • 11. Key Operators in OVID Operator Command Example * Find alternate endings to this nurs* [will find nurse, nursing, word nurses] .tw. Search for this term in the anxiety.tw. Title and Abstract fields adj Search for one term within x patient adj3 anxiety [will find number of terms from another patient within three words of anxiety] AND Find articles where both terms smoking AND cessation appear OR Find articles where either smoking OR tobacco term appears 11
  • 13. Conducing the Search  Start with your first concept  Search for the subject headings first  Then search text words  Combine these synonymous searches with OR using your search history  Repeat for your second, third, and subsequent concepts  Finally, combine large search results set with AND  Example MeSH search: hypertenstion AND toxicity 13
  • 14. Concepts Which concepts are contained in the question: Does hand washing prevent MRSA in the ICU? Hand washing Prevention MRSA ICU 14
  • 15. Does hand washing prevent MRSA in the ICU? Hand washing MRSA ICU Prevention 15
  • 16. Getting the search results Concept 1 Concept 1 SEARCH 1 SEARCH 6 SEARCH 2 SEARCH 7 SEARCH 3 SEARCH 8 SEARCH 4 SEARCH 9 SEARCH 5 = 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 SEARCH 10 = 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 SEARCH 11 = 5 AND 10 = RESULTS 16
  • 18. Limits Examples  Date of publication  only studies conducted between 2005 and 2010  Participants or subjects  only children 6 to 12 years of age  Publication language  only materials written in English or French  Research design  only clinical trials 18
  • 20. PubMed  An example using MeSH terms  MeSH = Medical Subject Heading  Access the MeSH Database by choosing the option on the Pubmed homepage  Click the search button without entering any search terms to go to the database homepage 20
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  • 30. Search for MeSH Terms  With the first search term (MRSA) entered in the PubMed search builder, we can continue to use the MeSH Database to find terms and build our PubMed search 30
  • 31. Combining Concepts  We want to find articles that include both the concept of MRSA AND the concept of Hand washing.  So we added our second term to the search builder with the default AND  Both terms have been added and we can now click the Search PubMed button. 31
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  • 34. Good Search Results!  This search yielded a good number of articles on out topic  We can continue to build more MeSH terms and narrow down the search 34
  • 35. Useful References  Fink, A. (2005). Conducting Research Literature Reviews. London: Sage.  Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper (3rd ed.). London: BMJ Publishing Group.  Sackett, D., Straus, S., & Richardson, W. (2000). Evidence-based medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.  Wilson, P. (2002). How to find the good and avoid the bad or ugly. A short guide to tools for rating quality of health information on the internet. BMJ, 324, 598-602. 35
  • 36. Useful Sites  NHS Solutions for Public Health http://www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-workforce/resources  CADTH. Grey Matters: a practical search tool for evidence-based medicine - http://cadth.ca/en/resources/grey-matters  Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Interventions - http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/  IOM (Institute of Medicine). Finding what works in health care: standards for systematic reviews - http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Finding-What-Works-in-Health-Care-Stan 36

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. General descriptors: Anatomy More specific: Ankle