European Perspectives on Open Science Policy/JC Burgelman

SA-EU OPEN SCIENCE WORKSHOP PROGRAMME
Johannesburg 30 November – 1 December 2017
JC Burgelman,
DG RTD
European Perspectives on Open
Science Policy

1. Why Open Science Policy
2. The 8 Open Science policy priorities
3. The Open Science policies so far
3.1 Open Access to publications
3.2 Open Access to Data
3.3.European Open Science Cloud
3.4 Rewards and Skills for Open Science
3.5 Research Integrity in Open Science
3.6 Open Science and citizens science
4. Mainstreaming Open Science: H2020 & FP 9
5. Conclusion: no way back but much more needed

Open Science = Systemic transition of
science system which affects the way
• research is performed
• knowledge is shared/diffused/preserved
• research projects/results are evaluated
• research is funded
• researchers are rewarded
• future researchers are trained
Affecting the whole research cycle and all its stakeholders
 A typical techno-economic paradigm shift a la Perez (technology,
market and institutional change go hand in hand)
 or to put it different: disruptive and hence disturbing….
1. Well accepted

A general model for open
science in early stage drug
discovery
Public-Private
Partnership
Public Domain Commercial
Tools & Basic Knowledge
NOVEL Proteins only!
• Structure
• Chemistry
• Antibodies
• Screening
• Cell Assays
Discovery and Exploration
• No patent
• No restriction on use
• Open access to tools and data.
• Target identification & validation
Drug Discovery and Development
Facilitated by access to increased amount of information in the
public domain
- (re)Screening
- Lead Optimisation
- Pharmacology
- Metabolism
- Pharmacokinetics
- Toxicology
- Chemical development
- Clinical development
CREATIVE COMMONS PROPRIETARY
Weigelt J. EMBO Reports 10:941-5
(2009)
1. Because we see the benefits
Structural gnomics consortium

1. And we need more
Rise of interdisciplinary, highly collaborative international big
science projects – open by design

1. 90% OF ALL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES (2 MILLION PER YEAR) ARE BEHIND PAYWALLS! (AND 1
MILLION PAPERS ARE NEVER READ);
 UNIVERSITIES WORLDWIDE WOULD SAVE 6 BILLION DOLLARS IF ALL PAPERS WOULD BE
PUBLISHED IN OA (MAX PLANCK REPORT)
2. ONE MILLION VALID SCIENCE PAPERS ARE BOUNCED BACK (REJECTING, RESUBMISSION ETC)
 TO DEAL WITH THAT: 100 MILLION HOURS (OF SCIENTIST!) ARE LOST ANNUALLY IN THE
ACTUAL PROCESS OF PAPER REJECTING, RESUBMITTING, WAITING ETC.;
 SO: MORE OPEN ACCESS, LESS LOSS
3. BIG PRIVATE RESEARCH TRUSTS GO FOR RADICAL OPEN ACCESS: WELLCOME TRUST, GATES,
ZUCKERBERG , ETC
4. EVERY 3 DOWNLOADS OF A FRONTIERS ARTICLE LEADS TO 1 CITATION:
 IN OTHER WORDS: NUMBER OF DOWNLOADS IS GOOD FOR YOUR IMPACT FACTOR
 IN OTHER WORDS: OPEN ACCESS IS GOOD FOR YOUR CAREER
1. Plus - it pays off

• Better ROI of the R&I investments: self evident: if
all the results of our public research are made reusable, it will
follow that better use is made
• Faster circulation of new ideas: we have 22 million EU
SME's that will have access to top notch research without having to
significantly pay for it!
• More transparency of the science system as such:
the public taxpayer has this right
• Fit for 21st century science purpose: all grand societal
challenges NEED cross disciplinary research
For researchers:
• Wider dissemination and sharing of the results
• More visibility and credit for those collecting and sharing underlying
research data
• New career paths e.g. data scientists, start-ups, science diplomacy
1. Open Science offers great challenges & opportunities 4 science,
scientists & society

1. The genesis and context of Open Science Policy

" As I see it, European success
now lies in sharing as soon as
possible, (…). The days of
open science have arrived."
Speech at "Presidency Conference
Open Science", 04 of April, 2016,
Amsterdam
2. Top level policy

2. Top level policy at
national level too
• The Netherlands, first country to make the goal of default OS
part of a new (Rutte III) government declaration
"Open science and open access will become the norm in
academic research"
• Finland: created a cross cutting OS policy approach
• Several Lander having dedicated platforms or approaches
• VRWI in Flanders comes up with consolidated advice
• G7
• RSA!
• Etc..

2016 - Holistic Policy Agenda: scope &
ambitions
… 4 with regard to the use & management of research
results and data
 Open Data: FAIR data sharing is the default for funding
scientific research
 Science cloud: All EU researchers are able to deposit, access
and analyse European scientific data through the open science
cloud, without leaving their desk
 Altmetrics: Alternative metrics to complement conventional
indicators for research quality and impact (e.g. Journal Impact
Factors and citations)
 OA & Future of scholarly communication: All peer
reviewed scientific publications are freely accessible 12
2. EC Policy Priorities

… 4 with regard to relations with research actors
(researchers, institutions and funders)
 Rewards: The European research career evaluation system
fully acknowledges Open Science activities
 Research Integrity: All publicly funded research in the EU
adheres to commonly agreed Open Science Standards of
Research Integrity
 Education and skills: All young scientists in Europe have the
necessary skills and support to apply Open Science research
routines and practices
 Citizen Science: CS significantly contribute and are
recognised as valid knowledge producers of European science
13
2. EC Policy Priorities

Then and now
FP7
OA Green or
Gold+Green
Pilot
H2020
OA Green or
Gold+Green
obligation
& ORD Pilot
H2020
OA Green or
Gold+Green
obligation
& ORD by
default
3. OA: Considerable progress in 10 years made

3.1 OA: key issues Now
• Open Access to Publications: since 2014 mandatory
Set up of an Open Access Publications Platform: stand
alone peer reviewed scientific articles resulting from H2020
projects (2017-2018)
• Open Access to research data: default from 2017
onwards.
- Opt-outs possible at any stage (IPR, personal data
protection and national security)
- Research Data Management Plans: mandatory and FAIR
• Mainstreaming in all MS
• Set up of the European Open Science Cloud: a trusted
virtual environment for enabling data driven science across
boundaries and disciplines (2017-2019)

• May 2016 Competitiveness Council Conclusions: full
open access to scientific publications by 2020 –
commitment of the EU for all Member States!
• Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science
advocates for "full open access for all scientific
publications",
• The Commission wants to lead by example in
Horizon 2020:
• - Currently 60-68% of scientific publications
produced are open access
 further measures needed to achieve target
3.1 OA to publications:
political support

Towards a EC Horizon 2020 Open Research Europe
Publishing Platform
Our proposal
(current state of thinking)
3.1 We can’t debate forever

An online platform allowing rapid, OA publication of
(i) H 2020 related peer reviewed articles; and
(ii) H 2020 related pre-prints which meet basic criteria on
authorship, non-plagiarism and ethical conduct
• contains mechanisms for open/collaborate/public peer
review and a suit of innovative ('next generation') metrics
• is not a repository, it provides a fast, cost efficient and
high quality service to publish in the 21st century
• is intended for Horizon 2020 beneficiaries as a free,
complementary service and is thus not compulsory.
3.1 What is ORE

• March 2017 – CssR Moedas informally discussed the
idea with the Open Science Policy Platform
(stakeholders)
• May 2017 - CssR Moedas introduced the idea in the
Compet Council
• Ongoing - Implementation of ORE through a call for a
public procurement in the WP 2018:
Call for tender open in December 2017
Applications until early 2018
Contract signature during 2018
3.1 Timeline

3.2 Now: Open Data
• Open Access to research data: default from 2017
onwards.
- Opt-outs possible at any stage (IPR, personal data
protection and national security)
- Research Data Management Plans: mandatory and FAIR
• Mainstreaming in all MS
• Set up of the European Open Science Cloud: a trusted
virtual environment for enabling data driven science across
boundaries and disciplines (2017-2019)

3.2 Open Data: basic principle

European Open Data (and data driven
science) supported by the European
Open Science Cloud
3.3 EOSC

29
Source: RTD
The EOSC will allow for universal access to open
research data and create a new level playing field
for EU researchers
CERN, EMBL,
ELIXIR, etc.
Institutional
repository
Member State
Infrastructure
New provider/
service
Researcher • Easy access through a universal
access point for ALL European
researchers
• Cross-disciplinary access to data
unleashes potential of
interdisciplinary research
• Services and data are
interoperable (FAIR data)
• Data funded with public money is
in principle open (as open as
possible, as closed as necessary)
1.Access to all European research data
2.Access to world-class data services
3.Clear rules of use and service provision
4.FAIR data tools, training and standards
5.Sustainable after the grant
Seamless environment and enabling interdisciplinary research
29
3.3 EOSC and the researcher

30
• Vision is now as clear to external
stakeholders
• Single online platform where all
European researchers will be able to:
• Find, access and re-use data
produced by other scientists.
• Deposit, analyse and share data
they have been paid to produce.
• Initially (until 2020), the EOSC will
build on existing investments, no/little
fresh money is needed
• The Commission provides top-up
money to set up and organise the
federation and to start creating
common European resources.
• EOSC will provide 1.7m EU researchers an environment
with free, open services for data storage, management,
analysis and re-use across disciplines.
• EOSC will JOIN existing and emerging horizontal and
thematic data infrastructures, bridging todays
fragmentation and ad-hoc solutions.
• EOSC will add value (scale, data-driven science, inter-
disciplinarity, faster innovation) and leverage past
infrastructure investment (10b per year by MS, two
decades EU investment).
From Vision …. … to Action
After the EOSC Vision has been adopted and embraced by
the relevant stakeholders, it is now time for action
Source: RTD
Vision endorsed by the EP, by the
EESC and the CoR, by the G7 and
“copied” by a host of nations
globally: Japan, Canada and China.
30
3.3 Open Data and EOSC

o 110 key participants
o 80 from all scientific fields
o 15 national scientific infrastructures
o 13 research funders
o 19 officials from Member States and
Associated Countries
o Overall, 23 Member States and Associated
Countries represented
o 1800 via web stream and extensive coverage
via Twitter
3.3 EOSC summit
So far:
Stakeholder endorsements: 69
Stakeholder commitments: 61

• The Summit provided strong support for the
implementation of the EOSC and marked a step change in
the initiative
• Ground European science in a common culture of data
stewardship & sharing throughout research data lifecycle.
Only a considerable cultural change will enable long-term
reuse of research data
• Develop the EOSC as a commons of research data, knowledge
and infrastructure with different roles and responsibilities by
actors at EU and MS level
• Stimulate compliance through incentives and rewards
3.3 EOSC Summit
Highlights 1

● Make FAIR principles pragmatic, equally encompassing all
four dimensions: findability, accessibility, interoperability and
reusability
● Apply FAIR principles to all digital research objects, incl.
data-related algorithms, tools, workflows, protocols & services
● Disciplines must develop their notion of FAIR in a coordinated
fashion. Standards are fundamental but a one-size-fits-all
approach must be avoided
3.3 EOSC Summit
Highlights 2

● Build trust between all stakeholders, e.g. scientific communities, e-
infrastructures, research infrastructures, funders - “look outside the
organisational boxes and work together”
● Set out both the science case and the financial case to raise
commitments for the EOSC, in particular of MS – “whatever we do
needs to be integrated with the national systems”
● Some of the actions identified will require more times than others to
implement due to e.g. budget commitments, division of labour, building
of trust. Implementation will need to fast-track some actions
over others, depending on the level of priority, support and maturity
● Develop a formal framework for governing the EOSC (open,
dynamic, trial-and-error process) to sustain and strengthen related
policies & programmes and secure commitment of funders and users -
“what needs to be governed and how?”
3.3 EOSC Summit
Highlights 3

• Hundreds of stakeholders involved (unlike when the
internet was created)
• Billions of investment touched: overall annual investment
of 10 billion euros in the EU (mainly by MS) on Research
Infrastructures and e-Infras
• And much more to come: If all public funders would agree
to commit 1% of the overall spending to open
data…(approx 2 billion per year)
3.3 EOSC implementation
process: complex but

Working Group on ‘Skills and competences’
Objective
• Ensure that researchers have the appropriate skills to practice Open Science
• Open Science skills shall become an integral and streamlined component of
education, training and career development
Report: published in July 2017, discussed at OSPP on 13.10.17
https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=home
EU Skills & qualification matrix for OS could be used for this purpose, taking into
consideration:
• what are the necessary training and competences requirements for a
researcher
• The relevant supporting structures to engage researchers in Open Science
3.4 Rewards & skills

Working Group on 'Evaluation of research careers fully
acknowledging Open Science practices'
Objective :
• Modernisation of the current researchers' career evaluation system
• Creation of incentives and rewards for researchers engaged in Open Science
Report: published in July 2017, discussed at OSPP on 13.10.17
https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=home
An OS Career Assessment Matrix (OS-CAM) : could be used for this purpose, taking
into consideration - cf. abstract report :
38
3.4 Rewards and skills

Council Conclusions on Research integrity (01/12/2015)
The Conclusions stress the relationship between research integrity and Open
Science.
"Recognises the importance of open science as a mechanism for reinforcing
research integrity, while, at the same time, research integrity
contributes to open science"
Responding to the Conclusions the Commission :
• Initiated the revision of the European Code of Conduct of Research Integrity.
ALLEA adopted the new Code on 24 March 2017.
The new code supports open science by promoting open access to research
publication and data as well as the FAIR principles
• The Horizon 2020 legal basis will be adapted (article 34 of the Model Grant
Agreement) to be aligned with the revised Code (end 2017).
3.5 Research Integrity

• An EC citizen science strategy being developed:
aiming at supporting citizen science in FP9;
working towards a citizen-friendly R&I
governance framework; and ensuring optimum
coordination within EC services.
• A (substantial) EC funding made available:
SwafS-15-2018-2019: Exploring and supporting
citizen science (CSA/RIAs, EUR 16m)
SwafS-17-2019: Consolidating and expanding the
knowledge base on citizen science (RIA, EUR
2.5m)
3.6 Citizen science

4. As a funder: OS in FP9
beyond OA, ''do'' OS
FP9 goes beyond OA (publications and data) to embrace &
incentivise Open Science as real life modus operandi
• FP9 clarifies and strengthens the OA obligations
• FP9 empowers authors of scientific publications
• FP9 is home of FAIR data sharing while complying with IPR rules and
exploitation obligations set in the GA
• FP9 broadens OA (with opting out options) to other research output
• FP9 promotes compliance with 'Open Science principles' through a
combination of obligations and incentives
• FP9 further implements sanctions for those beneficiaries that
repeatedly and consistently fail to provide the required open access,
requiring institutions to assume responsibility for their intellectual
output
• FP9 introduces the use of new innovative ('new generation') metrics
for better assessing the impact of research output and the
engagement in Open Science
Note: where the case, individual opt-out options remain.

1. The genesis and context of Open Science Policy
5. Conclusion: no way back but much more
needed

The EC is delivering what it promised:
 Substantial progress on the 8 priorities (next generation
metrics foreseen for 2018 – advice OSPP ready)
 Rigorously in co-design and co-creation with the key
stakeholders
Externally
OS Policy Platform - Mobilising the most important external
stakeholders
Internally
OS Policy Task Force – mainstreaming inside the house

OS is here to stay:
It has often been said that 'data is the new oil'. This has been helpful in
stressing the value of data in our economy, but it is the wrong analogy.
Contrary to oil, open research data is non-exclusive and non-rival
and so it makes sense to have publicly funded research data
openly available. Open data is more like a renewable energy source: it
can be reused without diminishing its original value, and reuse creates
new value. The EC’s policies on open research data simply guarantee as
many scientists and innovators as possible make, under equal
conditions, the best use of this renewable source.
Digital Science Report.The State of Open Data 2017
Stefaan G. Verhulst and Andrew Young (2017)
Open Data in Developing Economies. Cape town: African Minds
1.
5. Much more needs to be done

OS is here to stay:
1.
If you want to go fast, go alone.
If you want to go far, go together
(African saying)
But also
Such a long journey ahead of us
(South African writer, A. Brink)
5. Much more needs to be done

5. Indeed – the journey only started
User-centered Publishing delivers Precision Information
The Machine is the New
Reader
Science as a Social Machine
Data Privacy requires a Web of Trust
Big Data meets Artificial Intelligence
50

• Due to the power of cyber science tools, it is quite realistic to
assume that we will evolve from peer reviewed open access
publications
to peer reviewed open access research workflows
• Implying that scientific publishers become open science
platforms in which an article is 1 of the many products (and not
even per se)
• And where the whole process is open and peer reviewed
(see the Jacobson controversy --- NAS)
5. e.g. OA of articles the final
frontier?

5. No one foresaw this exponential growth
either

5. Independent QUALITY assurance will always be
at the core of science

More information at
http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience
55

Open Science
Monitor
http://ec.europa.eu/research/opensci
ence/monitor/

Open science represents an approach to research that is collaborative, transparent and accessible. Open science occurs across
the research process and there are many different activities that can be considered part of this evolution in science. The open
science monitor tracks trends in areas that have consistent and reliable data.
Open science
monitor
Explore open
science
characteristics and
indicators.
Home About Open access Open research data
Open scholarly
communication
Citizen science
Drivers and
barriers
57
* These indicators are for both open access and open scholarly communication.

European Perspectives on Open Science Policy/JC Burgelman

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