2. Measure health status of community
Compare health status among countries
Estimate healthcare requirements
Allocation of resources
Monitoring of health services , activities and
programs
Evaluation of target of health program
3. Valid
Reliable
Sensitive
Specific
A complete status of health can be best evaluated by
employing many indicators at a time
4. The number of deaths in a given time or place
The proportion of deaths to population
Crude death rate
Expectation of life
Infant mortality rate
Child mortality rate
Under-5 proportionate mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Disease specific mortality
Proportional mortality rate
5. No. of deaths per 1000 population every year
Indicator of comparative health of people
Not meant for international comparison
◦ Results may vary on the basis of age gender and
composition of population
Good tool for assessment of over all health
improvement in a population
6. Mortality = number of deaths in a given time
Rate ___________________________ X 10n
population from which the deaths occurred
in the same time period
7. At birth is defined as average number of
years that will be lived if current age-specific
mortality rates persist
Good indicator of socio-economic
development
Global health indicator
8. Ratio of deaths under 1 year of age in a given
year to the live births in same year
Expressed as a rate per 1000 live births
Universally accepted indicator for infants,
whole population, socio-economic conditions
9. = deaths under 1 year age during a year x 10n
live births reported during the same year
10. Another indicator to overall health status
1-4 years
No. of deaths at ages 1-4 in given year per
1000 children
Varies between least developed and
developed countries
11. Proportion of total deaths occurring uner-5
age group
Incorporates both Infant Mortality Rate and
Child Mortality Rate
High in countries with poor hygiene
12. Responsible for death among women of
reproductive age
Varies according to socio-economic status of
country
13. Deaths due to pregnancy related issues x 10n
live births during the same year
14. Important to develop treatment strategies
Decreased after discoveries of
chemotherapeutic agents
Increased in case of cancer and
cardiovascular diseases
15. Deaths due to disease in a given year x 10n
estimated mid-year population
16. Simplest measure to estimate burden of
disease
“Proportionate mortality describes the proportion of
deaths in a particular population over a specified
period of time, attributable to different causes.”
17. Deaths due to disease in a given year x 10n
total number of death from all causes in
that year
18.
19. Mortality doesn’t indicate the burden of ill
health
Mental health
Arthritis
Asthma
Epilepsy
20. Incidence and frequency
Attendance rates to OPD and health centers
Admission, re-admission and discharge rates
Duration of hospital stay
Absence from work/school
Notification rates
21. Number of days or restricted activity
◦ Event type indicator
◦ Person type indicator
Sullivan’s index; life expectancy free of
disability
Calculation:
Life expectancy- number of days with
restricted mobility
22. Prevalence of low birth rate
Anthropometric measurements of preschoolers
(weight, height, mid-arm)
Height and weight of children at school entry
23. Doctor: population ratio
Doctor: nurse population ratio
Population: hospital bed ratio
Population covered by health center
Population per traditional birth attendents
24. Proportion of infants fully immunized
Proportion of pregnant ladies who receive full
antenatal care
Bed occupancy rates in hospitals
25. Incidences of
◦ Suicides
◦ Homicides
◦ Alcohol or drug abuse
◦ Family violence
Guidance for social action
26. Rate of increase in population
Per capita GNP
Level of unemployment
Dependency ratio
Literacy rate
Family size
Housing (number of person per room)
