This document summarizes several key human factors that can affect performance in aviation, including fatigue, training, distraction, ergonomics, attitude, communication, complacency, stress, and drugs/alcohol. It discusses how these factors can impact pilots, flight attendants, and maintenance personnel. Countermeasures are proposed, such as regulations on work hours, crew resource management training, and substance abuse policies. Specific incidents are analyzed, like the crash of KAL Flight 801 due to pilot fatigue, and the role of conformity in the Air Florida crash. The importance of managing human factors for safe airline operations is emphasized.
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Factors Impacting Aviation Performance
1. Overview of Factors affecting
performance in Aviation
Human Factors Presentation____________________________
2. Overview of Factors
- Fatigue
- Training
- Distraction
- Ergonomics
- Attitude to Safety
- Communication
- Norm
- Complacency
- Stress
- Drugs & Alcohol
………… and other factorsand other factors
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3. Airline Operations
The Occupations
PilotsPilots
Flight attendantsFlight attendants
Maintenance personnelMaintenance personnel
The performance of the above occupations
are critical for the safe operations in airlines
4. SHEL model
Software e.g. checkliste.g. checklist
Hardware e.g. gaugese.g. gauges
Environment e.g. weathere.g. weather
Liveware e.g. colleaguee.g. colleague
5. A negative biological influencer which interfered human’s
performance by generating confusion and slow
response.
Symptoms:
- Slower reaction time
- Lower vigilance and cognitive ability
- Loss of short term memory and sustained attention
- Inaction in Mental arithmetic and Word generation
Sources:
- Inadequate rest
- Excessive physical activity
- Stress
- Jet lag
7. One of the causes – Fatigue!
- The Captain’s normal sleeping pattern was disturbed by
the trip to Guam.
Cockpit Voice Recordings
1520:01 Capt: they make us work to maximum and up to maximum.
1520:28 Capt: probably, this way. Hotel expense will be saved for
cabin crews, and maximise the flight hours. Anyway,
they make us (B747) classic guys work to maximum.
1521:13 Capt : eh….really ….sleepy..
1521:15 F/O : of course.
Source: NTSB report CFIT Korean Air 801, Guam
8. Countermeasures
How ?
Work shift
- Staffs can rest between each shift.
Training
- Skill-based training and Physical training.
Regulations
- Restriction on working hours.
10. “An attitude is a disposition to respond in a
certain way” (Hawkins, 2002)
Symptoms of poor attitude to safety
- By-passing standard procedure
- Risk-taking & Feeling of Invulnerability
“It won’t happen to me”
- Conformity (not speaking up despite problem)
Sources:
- Complacency / Overconfidence
- Anti-authority
- Personality
- Conflict between commercial interest and flight safety
11. Conformity – Air Florida crash 1982Conformity – Air Florida crash 1982
Example – Cockpit Voice RecordingsExample – Cockpit Voice Recordings
15:59:58 F/O: God, look at that thing.15:59:58 F/O: God, look at that thing. That don't seem right, does it?That don't seem right, does it?
Uh, that's not right.Uh, that's not right.
16:00:09 Capt:16:00:09 Capt: Yes it isYes it is, there's 80 (knots)., there's 80 (knots).
16:00:10 F/O:16:00:10 F/O: Na, I don't think that's right.Na, I don't think that's right. Ah, maybe it isAh, maybe it is..
16:00:21 Capt: 120(knots)16:00:21 Capt: 120(knots)
16:00:23 F/O:16:00:23 F/O: I don't know…I don't know…
After this, the aircraft stalled and crashed…After this, the aircraft stalled and crashed…
Source: Air Disaster vol. 2 by Macarthur Job
12. Impacts
Pilot
- Making decisions that jeopardises safety
- attempting to land in bad weather
(China Airlines MD-11 in Hong Kong, Delta Airlines Tristar in Dallas)
- letting an unauthorised person to occupy the command seat with control of
an aircraft (Aeroflot A310 crash, 1994)
Flight Attendants
- Ignoring problems (e.g. passenger smells smoke)
Maintenance Engineer
- Omission (to meet deadlines)
- Faulty repairs (using un-certified parts)
13. Countermeasures
How ?
Crew Resource Management & Training
- improve crew to crew relations (liveware – liveware),
decision making in situations (liveware – environment
- e.g. develop disciplined ethics of work, following check-
lists (liveware – software)
Improve Airline Safety Culture
- e.g. more emphasis on safety
14. - Body’s reaction to changing environment
- excites you and increases alertness
15. - Causes of stress
Stress is mainly caused by events occurring in you
lifestyle or job.
examples
Organization Career Development Personal/Family
• too much/little work
• time pressure
• Change procedures
• Long hours
• time spent away
• boredom with role
• over promotion
• job loss
• financial problems
• re lationships
• ill health
• birth, marriage
16. Symptoms
SHORT TERM
Physical Symptoms
faster heart beat, increased sweating,
cool skin, nausea, tense
Performance Effects
obstructs clear judgement
Loss of precision when completing tasks
prevents high quality work
Frustration
17. Symptoms
LONG TERM
Physical Symptoms
Health deteriorates
Behaviour changes
Performance effects
Can’t think clearly and rationally
Leads to: Fatigue and Exhaustion,
Depression, Breakdown
18. PILOT
Flying is hours of boredom scattered with moments of
total panic.
FLIGHT ATTENDANT
emergency landing - limited time given to react and
enforce a solution to a possible fatal scenario.
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL
maintenance work is required to be completely quickly
and accurately.
19. - How to manage factor?
Six steps to successfully manage stress
1. Identify sources of stress
2. Discuss problems with a friend, counsellor or
psychologist
3. Formulate strategies to cope.
4. Maintain a balanced workload
5. Exercise, eat well and sleep
6. Take regular opportunities to relax
“What’s important is not the source of stress, but how you as an
individual choose to respond to it.”
(Qantas Flight Safety Issue 2 Autumn 2000)
20. Alcoholism: person having the habit of
consuming alcohol very often and in large
amounts.
Drug Abuse: the use of a drug for pleasure, or
to improve a person’s performance of an activity
(Cambridge Dictionary)
21. Symptoms:
Alcohol
“hangover”- headache, gastrointestinal upset and
general feelings of ill-health. (Newman, 2004)
Drugs
drowsiness
dizziness
Blurred vision
Confusion
depression
23. Alcohol Drug
- Information processing
- memory
- verbal skills
- reaction times
- attention
- perception
- reasoning tasks
- increase in heart rate, body
temperature and appetite
- respiratory problems
- lung-damage
- cancer
- memory and concentration
impairments
- possible motivational
syndrome
24. Threat to flight safety
In 1977, a Japan Airlines DC8 crashed in Alaska
and the pilot was subsequently found to have a
BAC of 0.021%.
About 0.06% of pilots and air traffic controllers
have a confirmed positive drug test (FAA)
25. Countermeasures:
Safety Management System
“No alcohol in the system when you fly”
The Air Regulations require that a pilot allow at
least 12 hours between the consumption of
alcohol and piloting an aircraft.
Substance abuse is discouraged at all
levels!!!
26. Conclusion
wide range of factors
Good management of HF = reduction of negative effect
on performance
Applies to most areas of airline operations
27. References
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Rosekind, M. R., Neri, D. F., Miller, D. L., Gregory, K. B., Webbon, L. L., Oyung, R. L. 1997,
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Books
Gradwell, D., Green, R.G, R.L, James, M., Muir, H., 1999, Human Factors for Pilots, 2nd
edition, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England.
Hawkins, F (2nd Edition), 1993, Human Factors in Flight, Aldershot, UK, Ashgate Publishing.
Koonce, J, M, 2001, Human Factors in the Training of Pilots, Taylor and Francis, London.