Non-woven fabrics are made from staple fibers or filaments that are bonded together through mechanical, thermal, chemical, or solvent treatments rather than weaving or knitting. The document discusses the history and definitions of non-woven fabrics. It then summarizes the key stages of non-woven manufacturing including web formation through processes like carding, air laying, and wet laying. It also discusses bonding methods like thermal, chemical, and mechanical and provides examples. The applications and characteristics of non-woven fabrics are then outlined.

1. Non Woven
▪ Shivam
▪ Akansha Choudhary
▪ N Sarmista
▪ Tanya Raj
▪ Abhishek Kumar

2. Introduction To Non Woven

3. Definition
Nonwoven fabric is a fabric-like
material made from staple fibre (short)
and long fibres (continuous long), bonded
together by chemical, mechanical, heat or
solvent treatment. The term is used in
the textile manufacturing industry to
denote fabrics, such as felt, which are
neither woven nor knitted.
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4. History
In the 19th century, (when England was the leading textile producing
country), realizing that large amounts of fiber were wasted as trim, a
textile engineer named Garnett developed a special carding device to
shred this waste material back to fibrous form. This fiber was used as
filling material for pillows. The Garnett Machine, though greatly
modified, today still retains his name and is a major component in the
non-woven industry. Later on, manufacturers in Northern England began
binding these fibers mechanically (using needles) and chemically (using
glue) into butts. These were the precursors of today's non-wovens.
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5. Functional Non Wovens
1. PLA(Polymer Lactic Acid Nonwoven
Fabric)
2. Blac
3. Flame retardant
4. PTFE-coated (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
5. Anti-static
6. Anti-bacteria
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6. 6
Absorbency
Wash ability
Stretch
Strength
SterilitySoftness
Resilience
Liquid repellency
Filtering
Flame retardancy
Cushioning
Bacterial barrier
Non
Woven

7. Non Woven Characteristics
 May look paper like, felt like, or similar to
that of woven fabrics.
 May have a soft, resilient hand, or they may
be hard, stiff, or broadly with little pliability.
 May be as thin as tissue paper or many
times thicker.
 Porosity may range from low tear and
burst strength to very high tensile strength.
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8. Non Woven Characteristics
 May be translucent or opaque.
 May be fabricated by gluing, heat bonding,
or sewing.
 Drapability of this type of fabrics varies
from good to none at all.
 Some fabrics have excellent launderability;
others have none. Some may be dry-
cleaned.
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9. China
68%
India
6%
Japan
10%
Korea
7%
Taiwan
5%
Others
4%
Non Woven Production

10. Process of
Fabric
Manufacturing
Weaving
Interlacing of
Yarn
Yarn
Knitting
Interlocking of
Yarn loops
Yarn
Non
Wovens
Interlocking of
Fibres
Fibre
Fabric Production Method Rate of Fabric Production
Weaving 1 m/min
Knitting 2 m/min
Nonwoven 100 m/min

11. Non Woven Fabrics
11
Conventional
fabric
manufacture
Non woven
fabric
manufacture

12. Non Woven Fabrics
▪ Fabric basically made of web of fibres
and not of yarns
▪ Web may be made of staple fibres,
filaments or films
▪ Yarn manufacture process eliminated
▪ Higher speed of production
▪ Less labour intensive
▪ Low energy requirement
▪ Higher degree of automation
▪ Fabrics can be engineered to give a
wide variety of properties
▪ However their aesthetic properties
are such that they are not in direct
competition with conventional fabrics
in apparel applications
▪ Main areas of growth of nonwovens
are in technical textile applications
like geotextiles, filtration textiles,
medical textiles etc.
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13. Classification of Non Woven

14. Non
Woven
Spunlace
d
Heat
sealing
Pump
airflow
in net
Heat
sealing
Spunbon
ded
Melt-
blown
Accupun
cture
Woven
Hydrop
hillic

15. 1. Spunlaced Non Woven
Spunlaced technology is to spray high-
pressure micro-flow to a layer or
multilayer fiber network, so that the
fiber intertwined with each other, so
that the fiber network can be
strengthened with a certain strength.
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16. 2. Heat Sealing Non Woven
Thermal bonded non-woven fabric is the
fiber network in the addition of fibrous
or powdered hot-melt bonded
reinforcement materials, fiber nets and
then through the heating and melting
cooling to strengthen the cloth.
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17. 3. Pulp airflow into the net
The airflow into the net Non-woven fabric
can also be called dust-free paper, dry
paper non-woven fabrics.
It is the use of airflow into the network
technology to open pine pulp fiberboard
into a single fiber state, and then use the
Airflow method to make the fiber
agglutination in the net, the fiber net
reinforced into cloth.
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18. 4. Wet Non Woven
WET Non-woven cloth is to be placed
in the water medium fiber raw materials
open into a single fiber, at the same time
make different fiber raw materials
mixed, made of fiber slurry, slurry
transport to the network mechanism,
fiber in the wet state into a net and then
reinforced into cloth.
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19. 5. Spunbonded Non Woven
Spunbonded Non-woven fabric is in the
polymer has been squeezed out,
stretching and the formation of
continuous filament, filament laying into
a net, fiber nets after their own
adhesion, thermal bonding, chemical
bonding or mechanical strengthening
methods, so that the fiber net into Non-
woven fabrics.
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20. 6. Melt-blown Non Woven
Melt-blown non-woven fabric process:
Polymer Feeding---melt extrusion---fiber
formation---fiber cooling---into a mesh--
-reinforced into cloth.
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21. 7. Acupuncture Non Woven
Acupuncture Non-woven fabric is a kind
of dry non-woven, acupuncture non-
woven fabric is the use of needle
puncture effect, the fluffy fiber mesh to
strengthen the cloth.
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22. 8. Sewing Non Woven
Sewing Non-woven fabric is a dry non-
woven fabric, sewing method is the use
of warp-knitted coil structure on the
fiber net, yarn layer, non-woven
materials (such as plastic sheet, plastic
thin metal foil, etc.) or their combination
of reinforcement to make non-woven
fabrics.
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23. 9. Hydrophillic Non Woven
Mainly used in the production of medical
and sanitary materials in order to obtain
better feel and do not scratch the skin.
Like sanitary napkins, sanitary gaskets is
the use of hydrophilic Non-woven fabric
hydrophilic function.
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24. Applications of Non Woven

25. 25
NonWoven
Applications
Sportech
Geotech
Mobiltech
Filtration
Medtech
Protech

26. Medical
Surgical Gowns, Protective
Clothing, Disinfection Cloth,
Masks, Diapers, Household
Wipes, Wet Wipes, Magic
Towels, Soft Towels, Beauty
Products, Sanitary Napkins,
Health Care Mats, And
Disposable Hygiene Fabrics.
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Applications

27. 27
Applications
Surgical Mask
Respiratory Mask
Disposable Medical Kit
Apron

28. Home
Non Woven Wallpaper,
Tablecloths, Bed Sheets,
Bedspreads.
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Applications

29. 29
Applications
Designer carpets Beddings

30. Clothing
Lining, Adhesive Lining, Flakes,
Stereotypes Cotton, All Kinds
Of Synthetic Leather Fabric.
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Applications

31. 31
Applications
Swimwear
Sleep wear
Diving Suit

32. 32
Firefighting suit
Military Apparel
Bullet-proof vest
Applications

33. Industrial
Reinforcing Materials, Polishing
Materials, Filter Materials,
Insulation Materials, Cement
Bags, Geotextiles, Covering
Cloth.
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Applications

34. 34
Geo textiles fabric
for roadways or
flyover construction Industrial
clothing
Geo textile fabric
Applications

35. Agricultural
Crop Protective Fabric,
Nursery Cloth, Irrigation Cloth,
Insulation Curtains.
35
Applications

36. Others
Space Cotton, Insulation
Materials, Suction Felt, Smoke
Filter, Bags, Shoes.
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Applications

37. Non Woven Manufacturing
Process

38. Fiber Selection
Fibers
Web Formation
Dry Laid
Bonding
Thermal
Finishing
Chemical Mechanical
Chemical
Finishing
Mechanical
Finishing
Wet Laid
Bonding
Polymers
Direct Laid
Spunbond
Bonding
Meltblown
Bonding

39. Introduction
Nonwoven fabrics are made by bonding or interlocking fibers or
filaments by mechanical, thermal, chemical, or solvent means.
The three main stages involving production of non-woven are:
▪ Web formation
▪ Web bonding
▪ Finishing treatments
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40. Web Formation
▪ A nonwoven fabric is basically a web of fibers held together in some
way.
▪ The web may be made of staple fibres or filaments, or from
portions of polymer film.
▪ This again depends on two process-
1. Fiber to fabric(carded, air laid, wet laid)
2. Polymer to fabric(spun bond, melt blown)
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41. The Process of Carding
▪ Carding is a mechanical process that opens bales of staple fibre, and
loosens them evenly to create a web bed.
▪ Carded webs are usually thin but stronger when pulled lengthwise
due to greater friction acting lengthwise.
▪ It is a relatively slow and more expensive method to convert fibres.
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42. 42
Diagram of a
Carding Machine

43. Air-laid Process
▪ This manufacturing technology produces a web from short fibres.
▪ It is much similar to carding process but instead of using a wire
cover roll to remove the fibers from the cylinder, a wall of air blows
them off.
▪ The web when bonded will produce a fabric of equal strength
properties in all directions.
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44. 44
Diagram of an
Air-laid Machine

45. Wet-laid Process
▪ In this process, staple fibers of up to 12 mm fiber length, very often
mixed with viscose or wood pulp, are suspended in water, using
large tanks.
▪ Afterwards the water-fiber dispersion is pumped and continuously
deposited on a forming wire.
▪ To distinguish wetlaid nonwovens from wetlaid papers more than
30% by mass of its fibrous content is made up of fibers
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46. Wet-laid Machine

47. Spun-bond/Spun laid Non Wovens
▪ Fibers are spun and then directly dispersed into a web by deflectors
or can be directed with air streams.
▪ This technique leads to faster belt speeds, and cheaper costs.
▪ These are bonded by either resin or thermally.
▪ Several variants of spun bond are available in market.
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48. Spun-bond machine

49. Melt-Blown
▪ These are produced by extruding melted polymer fibres through a
spin net.
▪ Then, they are stretched and cooled by passing hot air over the
fibres.
▪ The resultant web is collected into rolls and subsequently
converted to finished products.
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50. Melt-blown machine

51. Spun-bond vs Melt-blown
▪ Spun-bond has been
combined with melt-blown
nonwovens, conforming
them into a layered product
called SMS (spun-melt-spun).
▪ Melt-blown nonwovens have
extremely fine fiber diameters
but are not strong fabrics.
SMS fabrics, made completely
from PP are water-repellent
and fine enough to serve as
disposable fabrics.
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52. 52

53. Bonding of Non Woven Fabrics
▪ Bonding plays an importantrole when manufacturing nonwovens.
The loose cohesion of the fibers is treated in one or more steps- to
form a more solid type of web, the nonwoven.
▪ Non-woven fabric bonding can be classified in three different
technologies-
▪ Mechanical bonding
▪ Chemical bonding
▪ Thermal bonding
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54. 54
Non Woven
Bonding
Mechanical
Needle
Punching
Hydroentanglement
Chemical Thermal
Calendar
Bonding

55. Mechanical Bonding
▪ The strengthening of the web is achieved by inter-fibre friction as a
result of the physical entanglement of the fibres.
▪ There are two main types of mechanical bonding:
▪ Needle punching
▪ Hydroentanglement
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56. Needle Punching
▪ Fibres which have no directional frictional properties and need to
be mechanically entangled in order to form felts.
▪ This is done using barbed needles.
▪ The products of needle felting are used for carpets, under felts,
upholstery, and blankets.
▪ The barbed needle tangles together some fibres from each layer of
the web to make a stronger web.
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57. 57

58. Hydroentanglement
▪ Hydroentanglement is commonly applied to carded or wet-laid
webs and uses fine, high pressure water jets to cause the fibres to
interlace.
▪ It is sometimes referred to as spun-lacing, as the arrangement of
jets can also be used to give a wide variety of aesthetically pleasing
effects.
▪ The water jet pressure used has a direct bearing on the strength of
the web.
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59. 59
Process of Hydroentanglement

60. Chemical Bonding
▪ It is also known as adhesive bonding.
▪ The adhesive can be applied to the web as a printed pattern or as a
sprinkling of powder.
▪ The properties of an adhesive-bonded nonwoven depend to quite a
large extent on the properties of the adhesive polymer used.
▪ Commonly used adhesives are polyvinyl acetate (PVA glue)
polyacrylonitrile, PVC.
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61. 61
Adhesive Bonding: A cellulosic wiper, with the adhesive is
applied in colour stripes and resin-impregnated fiberglass used
to reinforce pipes.

62. Thermal Bonding
▪ When a web of thermoplastic fibres or filament is heated, the fibres cross
over each other at many points, there are many rigid welding spots in
nonwoven fabric.
▪ This makes heat-bonded fabrics rather stiff and inextensible
▪ Thermoplastic fibres with lower melting point are blended in the web with
fibers with higher melting point.
▪ On heating, only the low melting point fibers melt.
▪ This way, weld points are formed and Such melt-welded fabrics are called
Melded fabrics.
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63. 63

64. Calendar Bonding
▪ Most common thermal bonding
▪ Web passed between two heated rolls –
▪ One or both are heated internally.
▪ One or both may be Embossed (mark/design).
▪ Heating via :- conduction
▪ Cooling via :- convection.
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65. Finishing
▪ Nonwovensmay be given one or more of a variety of finishing processes
as a means of enhancingfabric performance or aesthetic properties.
▪ It can be classified into two types- chemical and mechanical finishing.
▪ Chemical finishing involves the application of chemical agents as coatings
to fabric surfaces or the impregnation of fabrics with chemical additives
or fillers.
▪ Mechanicalfinishing involves altering the texture of fabric surfaces by
physically reorienting or shaping fibers on or near the fabric surface.
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66. “ Thank You!
▪ Shivam
▪ Akansha Choudhary
▪ N Sarmista
▪ Tanya Raj
▪ Abhishek Kumar
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