2. Need for Political Institutions
A government has to perform various duties
formulate policies
Implement
formulate schemes
have to take decisions
implement the decisions
5. final authority to law making
control over the workings of the government
Control the expenditure of the government,
highest forum of discussion and debate it decides public issues
6.
7. Two Houses of Parliament
Lok Sabha
Lower House
Elected representatives
Elected for a period of 5 years.
Powers - More important in economic
matters
the maximum strength of the house is
552
The present membership of Lok Sabha is
545.
★ Rajya Sabha
★ The elected members of each State
Assembly
★ The term of each member is for six
years.
★ One third members retiring every two
years.
★ Maximum of 250 members
★ 12 of Rajya Sabha members are
nominated by the president from
persons who have earned distinction in
the field of literature, art, science
service.
★ At present 245
8. Executive
The different levels of government, the functionaries takes the day to day
decision but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people.
These functionaries are called executive, because they are in charge of the
execution of the policies of the government
Political Executive
Permanent Executive
9. Political Executive
Executives who are elected by the people for a specific period are called Political
Executives.
Example- Political leaders like the Prime minister, Council of Ministers
They are answerable to people for all the consequences of their decisions
They are more powerful. They take all the final decision
10. Permanent executives
The permanent executives are salaried with civil servants who are
appointed on a long term.
Persons working in civil services. Example: IAS, IPS and IFS
They remain in office even when the ruling party changes. Their tenure of
the office is fixed.
They are not answerable to the people.
They are less powerful. They do not take decisions. Instead they assist
political executives in carrying out day- to- day administration.
11. Prime minister and Council of ministers
He is the head of the government
Appointing by the President
Cabinet Minister
Ministers of State with independent charge
Ministers of State
Present Cabinet
12. Prime Minister - Powers
He chairs cabinet meetings
He coordinates the work of different Departments.
He exercises general supervision of different ministries. He can and does
dismiss ministers.
He distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
13. The President Notes
The President is the head of the state.
All the Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures
elect him.
Since he is elected indirectly, he does not have the same powers as the
Prime Minister.
The President exercises all his legislative, executive, financial, judicial,
military powers ,
only on the advice of the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.
The President can only delay a bill. If the Parliament passes it again, he has to sign it.
16. ★ The Judiciary is independent of both the Executive and
the Legislature.
★ The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by
the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and his
Council of Ministers
17. The other judges of the Supreme Court and the State High Courts are
appointed in the same way but on the advice of the Chief Justice.
Once appointed, the Judges can be removed only by impeachment
It can declare any law passed by the Legislature as invalid, if it violates
the Constitution.
18. It safeguards the Fundamental Rights of the people of India, and checks
malpractices and misuse of power by the Executive or the Legislatures,
and has more members.
