1. Human Anatomy-3.pptx

1. Introduction Anatomy: derived from Greek ‘anatome • ‘Ana’=apart, ‘tomy’=cutting • Anatomy is the setting (structure) in which the events (functions) of life occur • Is the study of – The structure and shape of the body – Body parts and their relationships to one another • Anatomy can be – Gross anatomy • Study large (observable) body structures such as the heart or bones – Microscopic anatomy • Study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye Human Anatomy 1

2. Introduction… • How can we study Anatomy? – By cutting (dissecting cadaver) – By careful looking – By using microscope Human Anatomy 2

3. Levels of Structural Complexity of the body • The structures of the human body are organized into several levels, similar to the way letters of the alphabet, words, sentences, paragraphs, and so on are organized. Listed here, from smallest to largest, are: • Chemical • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism Human Anatomy 3

4. Chemical Level • At chemical level it include Atoms the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Atoms: C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na – Molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, water – Molecules combine to form structures at the next level of organization—the cellular level Cellular Level Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organism Human Anatomy 4

5. Tissue Level • Consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function • 4 types • epithelium • muscle • connective • nervous Human Anatomy 5

6. Organ Level ● A structure that is composed of at least two tissue types which performs a specific function for the body System Level  Organs that cooperate with one another to perform a common function Organism Level  The highest level of organization, the living organism Human Anatomy 6

7. Human Anatomy 7

8. Systems of the body • The 11 human systems – Integumentary – Skeletal – Muscular – Nervous – Endocrine – Circulatory • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic – Respiratory – Digestive – Urinary – Reproductive – Immune system Human Anatomy 8

9. Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position • Is a standard body position at which our body parts are described • In the anatomical position, – body is erect – Head, eyes and toes directed forward – lower limbs close together with the feet parallel – Arms at side with palms facing forward All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the anatomical position Human Anatomy 9

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11. Directional Terms • Explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another • Includes – Anterior (ventral) : Toward or at the front of the body – Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back of the body; behind – Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body – Lateral: Away from the midline of the body – Proximal : closer to the origin of the body part – Distal: farther from the origin of a body part – Superficial : toward or at the body surface – Deep : away from the body surface; more internal – Superior : Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body – Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body Human Anatomy 11

12. Directional Terms Human Anatomy 12

14. Directional Terms… • Anterior (ventral) • Posterior (dorsal) • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial • Deep • Superior • Inferior Human Anatomy 14

15. Positional terms • Hand – Posterior surface - Dorsum of Hand – Anterior surface - Palmar surface • Foot – Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot – Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface Human Anatomy 15

16. Terms of movement • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Rotation • Circumduction • Eversion • Inversion • Supination • Pronation • Protrusion • Retrusion Human Anatomy 16

17. Terms of movement • Flexion: – A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint. – Movement on the transverse axis • Extension – A movement that increases the angle of the joint. – Movement on the transverse axis • Circumduction – Movement of a limb in a circle Human Anatomy 17

18. Terms of movement… • Abduction: – Movement of a limb away from midline or a spreading of the digits of the hand or foot • Adduction: – Movement of a limb toward midline or in the case of the digits toward the midline of the hand or foot Human Anatomy 18

19. Terms of movement… • Rotation – Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own long axis – Two types • Medial Rotation – brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane – Movement on vertical axis • Lateral Rotation – takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. – Movement on vertical axis Human Anatomy 19

20. Terms of movement… • Supination: rotating forearm & hand so that the palm faces anteriorly. • Pronation: rotating forearm & hand so that the palm faces posteriorly. Human Anatomy 20

21. Terms of movement… • Thumb: – Flexion – Extension – Abduction – Adduction – Opposition Human Anatomy 21

22. Terms of movement… • FOOT – Inversion – Moving the sole of the foot towards the median plane. – Eversion –Moving the sole of the away from the median plane. – – Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg – Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of leg. Human Anatomy 22

23. Terms of movement… • Trunk – Flexion – Extension – Rotation • Left • Right Human Anatomy 23

24. Terms of movement… • Trunk… – Lateral Flexion • Left And Right Human Anatomy 24

25. Regional Terms • Referring to different regions of the body Human Anatomy 25

26. Protraction and Retraction Human Anatomy 26

27. Elevation and Depression Human Anatomy 27

28. Body Planes and Sections • Body planes are imaginary lines that divide body parts into sections • Sagittal plane – Divide the body into right and left parts – Can be mid-sagittal or parasagittal • Frontal (coronal) plane – Divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse plane – Divide the body or organ into superior and inferior parts – It is also called a cross section Human Anatomy 28

30. Body Planes and Sections… Human Anatomy 30

32. Body Cavities • Are cavities that provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them • Divided into two • Dorsal Body Cavity – Has two subdivisions • Cranial cavity • Spinal cavity • Ventral Body Cavity – Includes • Thoracic cavity • Abdominal cavity • Pelvic cavity Human Anatomy 32

33. Body Cavities… Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity – Is the space inside the bony skull – Contains brain • Spinal cavity – Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column – Houses spinal cord Human Anatomy 33

34. Body Cavities… • Thoracic cavity – Houses organs like heart, lungs – Somewhat protected by rib cage – Contains mediastinum (location of heart) • Abdominal cavity – Contains stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, liver, etc… – Separated form thoracic cavity by diaphragm • Pelvic cavity – Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum Human Anatomy 34

35. Other Body Cavities • In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are also many smaller body cavities – Oral and digestive cavities – Nasal cavities – Orbital cavities – Middle ear cavities – Synovial cavities Human Anatomy 35

37. Abdomino-Pelvic cavity • Is the largest cavity • Subdivided into smaller areas called quadrants – Right upper quadrant (RUQ) – Right lower quadrant (RLQ) – Left upper quadrant (LUQ) – Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Human Anatomy 37

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