1. DEPRESSION
R. Inguito I HumSS 11-A

2. WHAT IS DEPRESSION?
 Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness
and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical
depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a
variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing
normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't
worth living.
 More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you
can't simply "snap out" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment.
But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with
medication, psychotherapy or both.

3.  Although there are known, effective treatments
for mental disorders, between 76% and 85% of
people in low- and middle-income countries
receive no treatment for their disorder. Barriers
to effective care include a lack of resources, lack
of trained health-care providers and social
stigma associated with mental disorders.
Another barrier to effective care is inaccurate
assessment. In countries of all income levels,
people who are depressed are often not
correctly diagnosed, and others who do not have
the disorder are too often misdiagnosed and
prescribed antidepressants.

4.  The burden of depression and
other mental health conditions is
on the rise globally. A World
Health Assembly resolution
passed in May 2013 has called
for a comprehensive,
coordinated response to mental
disorders at the country level.

5. PREVALENCE
• Depression occurs in persons of all genders, ages, and backgrounds.
Facts
• Depression is common, affecting about 121 million people worldwide.
• Depression is among the leading causes of disability worldwide.
• Depression can be reliably diagnosed and treated in primary care.
• Fewer than 25 % of those affected have access to effective treatments

6. DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor may determine a diagnosis of depression based on:
 Physical exam. Your doctor may do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. In
some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
 Lab tests. For example, your doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or
test your thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
 Psychiatric evaluation. Your mental health professional asks about your symptoms,
thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire to
help answer these questions.
 DSM-5. Your mental health professional may use the criteria for depression listed in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American
Psychiatric Association.

7. TYPES OF
DEPRESSION

8.  Anxious distress — depression with unusual restlessness or worry about possible
events or loss of control
 Mixed features — simultaneous depression and mania, which includes elevated self-
esteem, talking too much and increased energy
 Melancholic features — severe depression with lack of response to something that
used to bring pleasure and associated with early morning awakening, worsened mood
in the morning, major changes in appetite, and feelings of guilt, agitation or
sluggishness
 Atypical features — depression that includes the ability to temporarily be cheered by
happy events, increased appetite, excessive need for sleep, sensitivity to rejection, and
a heavy feeling in the arms or legs
 Psychotic features — depression accompanied by delusions or hallucinations, which
may involve personal inadequacy or other negative themes

9.  Catatonia — depression that includes motor activity that involves either
uncontrollable and purposeless movement or fixed and inflexible posture
 Peripartum onset — depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the
weeks or months after delivery (postpartum)
 Seasonal pattern — depression related to changes in seasons and
reduced exposure to sunlight

10. SYMPTOMS

11. Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple
episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may
include:
 Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
 Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
 Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
 Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
 Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
 Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
 Anxiety, agitation or restlessness

12.  Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
 Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
 Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
 Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches
For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to
cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social
activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or
unhappy without really knowing why.

13. WHAT ILLNESS OFTEN CO-EXIST WITH DEPRESSION?
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Panic disorder
- Social phobia
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Depression also may occur with other serious medical illnesses
such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and
Parkinson’s disease

14. CAUSES OF DEPRESSION
1. Genetic or Hereditary
2. Biological / Biochemical / Medication
3. Dietary
4. Environmental
5. Socio Cultural Factors / Situations / Relationships /
Personality

15. TREATMENTS

16. • Learn as much as you can about your depression. It’s important to determine
whether your depression symptoms are due to an underlying medical condition. If
so, that condition will need to be treated first. The severity of your depression is
also a factor. The more severe the depression, the more intensive the treatment
you’re likely to need.
• It takes time to find the right treatment. It might take some trial and error to find
the treatment and support that works best for you. For example, if you decide to
pursue therapy it may take a few attempts to find a therapist that you really click
with. Or you may try an antidepressant, only to find that you don’t need it if you
take a daily half hour walk. Be open to change and a little experimentation.

17. • Don’t rely on medications alone. Although medication can relieve the symptoms of
depression, it is not usually suitable for long-term use. Other treatments, including
exercise and therapy, can be just as effective as medication, often even more so,
but don’t come with unwanted side effects. If you do decide to try medication,
remember that medication works best when you make healthy lifestyle changes as
well.
• Get social support. The more you cultivate your social connections, the more
protected you are from depression. If you are feeling stuck, don’t hesitate to talk to
trusted family members or friends, or seek out new connections at a depression
support group, for example. Asking for help is not a sign of weakness and it won’t
mean you’re a burden to others. Often, the simple act of talking to someone face-
to-face can be an enormous help.
• Treatment takes time and commitment. All of these depression treatments take
time, and sometimes it might feel overwhelming or frustratingly slow. That is
normal. Recovery usually has its ups and downs.

18. TYPES OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY
FOR DEPRESSION

19. Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for depression because it can help you
delve into possible underlying reasons for your depression and learn new coping skills.
Many of the therapeutic modalities described below have evidence supporting their
benefit in treating depression.
Psychotherapy is often called "talk therapy" because it involves an individual and a
psychotherapist sitting in a room talking, but it is much more than that.
Psychotherapists have training in a variety of techniques that may be employed in
order to help people to recover from mental illness, resolve personal issues, and
create desired changes in their lives.

20. • Cognitive therapy - is usually short-term and goal-focused. Therapy sessions are
structured with a specific plan for each session, and you will be expected to do
"homework" practice outside of therapy. Cognitive therapy usually lasts between
six to 18 weeks.
• Behavioral therapy - where cognitive therapy is focused on the negative thoughts
that contribute to depression, behavior therapy is centered on changing behaviors
that impact emotions.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy - CBT focuses on addressing both the negative
thought patterns as well as the behaviors that contribute to depression.
• Dialectical behavior therapy - is a type of CBT. Its main goal is to teach people with
depression the skills to cope with stress, regulate emotions, and improve
relationships with others.

21. • Interpersonal therapy - this type of therapy is usually brief and involves examining
social relationships with important people in your life. This can include your
relationships with your partner, friends, family, and co-workers. The goal is to
identify the role these relationships play in your life and find ways of resolving
conflicts that exist.
• Psychodynamic therapy - also sometimes known as psychoanalytic therapy, is
based on the assumption that depression can occur because of unresolved—
usually unconscious—conflicts, often originating from childhood. The goals of this
type of therapy are for the patient to become more aware of their full range of
emotions, including contradictory and troubling ones, and to help the patient more
effectively bear these feelings and put them in a more useful perspective.