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Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
51
Fisherman’s Participation in Assessing Level of Sustainable
Livelihood in Surabaya Coastal City , Indonesia
Ardiyanto Maksimilianus G1*
Jenny Ernawati1,2
Soemarno1,3
,
1
Environmental Resources Management Master Program, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
* E-mail of the corresponding author : mimitprimyastanto@gmail.com
Abstract
Multidimensional poverty closely related to social, economy and environmental vulnerabilities remain happen in
fisherman society, especially in Surabaya coastal city, in the middle of the magnificence of Surabaya city as the
second biggest city in Indonesia as well as the center of industry, commercial and marine. A comprehensive
approach is essentially required to identify the multidimensional poverty. Sustainable Livelihood Approach
(SLA) is an approach used to reduce poverty and fisherman vulnerability by emphasizing more on strategic
sectors to support sustainable livelihood. SLA is closely related to participatory poverty assessment/ PPA
method. This research aims to enhance Surabaya fishermen’s participation in assessing and understanding the
influence of sustainable livelihood achievement. The data of this research were collected through deep interview
with stakeholder, Focus Group Discussion and direct observation. The result of this research showed that the
level of sustainable livelihood of fisherman society in Surabaya was imbalanced or unsustainable. It was
described in asset pentagon diagram. People achieved 80% of physical assets like facilities and infrastructures,
however, people’s ability in accessing sources or other sectors like social, human and natural/environmental as
well as finance assets were only under 50%. Therefore, every policy of development directly linked to people in
Surabaya city coastal, must be based on sustainable principals oriented to society through participatory approach.
Key words : Multidimensional poverty, fisherman society, sustainable livelihood approach (SLA), participatory
poverty assessment (PPA).
1. Introduction
Poverty is a condition of material and social deprivation that causes an individual lives under feasible life, or a
condition in which an individual undergoes relative deprivation compared to other individual in a society (Hall et
al, 2004). Poverty, nowadays, becomes a complex and multidimensional problem, since it is measured from not
only income level, but also vulnerability and insecurity, in which poor people are more socially, economically
and environmentally vulnerable (Kulindwa et al, 2008). According to Sanderson (2000), there is a large number
of poor people in the city who live in the damaged land, it is vulnerable to flood and landslide, as well as in the
crowded area that is vulnerable to fire and natural disaster. Vulnerability of poor people, in a social-ecological
system is blipped by the impact of climate change, rapidness of people growth and economy growth
enhancement (Adger, 2006).
Multidimensional poverty and its relation to social vulnerability remain happen in fisherman community
(Neiland and Bene, 2004), especially in fisherman or production-unit household level. This level is the smallest
unit or level in a fisherman community system as the part of household population in coastal area. Fisherman
household is often known as those who live in crowded condition, with limited access to social services, low
level of education, and do not have skill as well as main asset, especially land (Adrianto, 2007). Such conditions
cause fisherman community is vulnerable to the attack of social, political and economic changes, as well as the
fishermen’s inability to counter capitalist intervention, the presence of stakeholder. Therefore, ultimately,
poverty always becomes a trade mark to fishermen community (Razali, 2004).
Some pressures that increase the number of poor people in coastal city area are: people growth in coastal area,
development of coastal and sea tourism sectors, changes and varieties of climate as well as regulation of
government infrastructure, suburbanization in coastal area that causes two types of pressure: first is ‘direct’
pressure that happens in living environment as the result of development in coastal area, second is continuing
pressure as the result of development in city area like domestic and waste industry (Smith and Doherty, 2006).
From some problems happen in coastal city that have been described related to fisherman poverty as well as
some pressures, researchers suggest that an effective effort is required in managing, allocating and using the
resources in coastal area sustainably and preservatively to decrease poverty and vulnerabilities of fisherman
community.
Ahmed (2009) in his research, uses Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) in developing fishery sector in
Bangladesh. The result shows that fishermen can reach sustainable livelihood through enhancing access of some
assets of living. Ali (2001), in his research related to optimalizing sustainable livelihood approach concept in
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
52
solving poverty in city area of Africa also shows that the dynamical process of social, economical and
environmental changes, that always happens in the city area, becomes a possibility yet it tends to create threat in
accessing some living assets. Optimalizing of sustainable livelihood approach can be used as basic principal to
encourage fishermen in establishing sustainable livelihood strategy (Ali, 2001).
Basically, sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) is a main approach in development program, aiming at
reducing fishermen poverty and vulnerabilities (Neiland and Bene, 2004). In practice, SLA in fishery sector
more emphasizes on some strategic sectors that support fishermen’s life, such as formal and informal institutions
that influence their livelihood as a fisherman, resources management, social and economical heterogeneity of
fisherman household as well as some significant aspects that can be taken into account to solve poverty in
coastal area. SLA can help fisherman household or coastal society in determining priority or needs to support
their life, so that they are able to manage resources effectively without damage its sustainability (Allison and
Horemans, 2006). Sustainable livelihood can be achieved when people decide their choice to access possibility
and resources as well as uncover the possibility to the others and future generation in accessing them (Norton
and Foster, 2001).
Moreover, sustainable livelihood approach, in practice, is closely related to participatory poverty assessments
(PPA) method. PPA has been developed as an instrument which includes poor people’s perspective in poverty
analysis as well as strategic formulation to solve poverty (Saragih et al, 2007). Furthermore, Saragih et al say
that through PPA, priority of poor community problems and their strategies in running their life as well as their
efforts to get rid of poverty can be identified.
Like the problem of resources managing in coastal areas in Indonesia, Surabaya also has complex problems in
coastal areas (Bappeko Surabaya, 2011). Surabaya that is known as the center of industrial, commercial and
marine area, has important role in some parts of East Indonesia (Prihandrijanti and Firdayati, 2011) and becomes
the center of orientation in East Java. Surabaya develops rapidly in terms of physical and social-economical
contexts and gives some impacts to the coastal environment and fisherman community life. Fishermen in
Surabaya are those who live in concerning prosperity level with slummy residence (Dinas Pertanian Surabaya,
2012). Therefore, this research aims at assessing sustainable livelihood level in coastal area of Surabaya through
participatory poverty assessments (PPA) method.
The result of this research can be used to decide policy in reducing poverty in coastal area of Surabaya.
1. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Site
In selecting location of this research, the researchers used criterion based selection method in which location is
selected based on certain criteria so that certain occasions are really selected to complete the information (Kanto,
2003). This research was conducted in east coastal area of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) which is the main area of
fisherman residence development with great potential of resources such as mangrove, embankment, poultry and
eco-tourism facilities (Nugrahanti and Navastara, 2012).
Figure 1. Coastal Area of Surabaya
(Source: Bappeko Surabaya 2011)
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
53
2.2. Research Method
Population of this research were 624 fishermen’s households live in Pamurbaya area in Bulak Subdistrict, 142
households live in Mulyorejo, 50 households live in Sukolilo, 45 households live in Rungkut, 17 households in
Gunung Anyar and 228 households in Kenjeran (Dinas Pertanian, Surabaya, 2012). Number of sample was
determined by purposive sampling method.
Research method used in this research was Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA). PPA emphasizes the
significance of commitment in involving poor people to analyze poverty and make strategic formulation of
poverty alleviation (Norton, et al, 2001).
Data collection was conducted by using some techniques such as in-depth interview to the key informant
consists of fisherman household, socialite and government. (Focus Group Discussion/ FGD) was conducted to
explore information, agreement and similar perception in the community or society level. In addition,
observation was done to obtain phenomena data, event or occasion undergone by poor households in the research
location.
Analysis method used in this research was descriptive analysis that positioned fisherman as respondent and main
informant. The data collected were analyzed by using statistics descriptive so that it produced frequency scores
from each item. Frequency scores were presented in the form of percentage.
2. Results and Discussion
3.1. Indicator of Sustainable Livelihood
There are five assets influence people’s life in the society, developed into main indicators in SLA approach, they
are: human asset, natural asset, social asset, physical asset and financial asset (Allison, et al, 2006).
Life assets or resources are significant factors that should be properly revealed and understood since every
resource has different characteristic and support power for every individual and society (BAPPENAS, 2012).
Every resource/asset interrelates to other resources. Policy and effective development program note and map
properly which resource/asset should be supported. A mistake often happens in fisherman community, especially
in coastal area of Surabaya is a program which tends to be exploitative toward certain resource and lack of
attention to the other resource development as an alternative.
The following are the results of fishermen’s abilities in coastal area of Surabaya in accessing resource/asset as
the main indicator in sustainable livelihood.
3.1.1. Human Asset
Indicators of human asset that are categorized important elements to support sustainable livelihood are
productive age-people that have completed their studies (Senior High School and College) and fisherman’s
involvement in training activities. The results of analysis are 22% of them did not access school, 27% of them
graduated from Elementary School, 14% of them graduated from Junior High School, 26% of them graduated
from Senior High School, 11% of them graduated from university/college. In other words, there are only 37% of
fishermen in Pamurbaya coastal area who completed secondary school and 63% did not. In addition, only 27%
of fishermen who participated in training activity, at least one kind of trainings related to entrepreneurship or
exploring coastal resources.
The research result shows that only 32% of people who are able to access well human asset. In other words, not
less than 68% of fisherman households who are not able to access human asset. Such conditions cause workers
cannot access more feasible job.
3.1.2. Social Asset
Indicators of social asset that are categorized important elements to support sustainable livelihood are cultural
and institutional aspects, as well as people’s participation in the organization. In the fisherman residence area in
Wonorejo village, there is a society organization which actively take role in developing eco-tourism, while in the
other areas there is no such conventional/ formal organization from fisherman society in terms of economical,
social and environmental aspects. There are some entrepreneur groups of fisherman yet they have not been
optimalized. From all respondents, 90% of them think that both formal and informal institutions/organizations
have not contributed optimally to fisherman society. Research result shows that people’s access towards
institutional aspect is remain under 10%.
Furthermore, in social asset study, related to culture, from the result of identification, there is only one cultural
event that has been held hereditarily since fisherman’s ancestors era in Sukolilo village that is called ‘Galang
Perahu’. This event is usually held at Thursday night before fishermen do their duties to seek and catch fish in
the sea. This event is preceded by cleaning boat and dirt in the beach. In the other areas, there is no such cultural
event that becomes main characteristics of society culture in coastal area of Surabaya. Therefore, such cultural
event that is followed by only 5% of coastal society, especially fishermen in Sukolilo, should be revitalized so
that beach conversion can be supported in participatory. From the research result, fisherman households that
access social asset supporting some other livelihood activities are approximately 35% and only 20% who
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
54
actively participate in both social and economical organizations closely related to fisherman’s activity.
3.1.3. Natural/ Environment Asset
Main indicator that is used to measure sustainable livelihood related to natural asset is people’s access to
ownership status and land capacity, supply of mangrove, and people’s ability in accessing and preserving
environment as well. The lack of land and non-fisherman land ownership status cause fishermen in coastal area
of Surabaya live with insecure condition and vulnerable to natural disaster and they are afraid of controlling
unregulated residence step in coastal area.
There are approximately 32% of fishermen who have land ownership status and the others remain do not have
fixed land to live in. Moreover, there are 37% of fishermen who live in area which is vulnerable to natural
disaster.
Related to natural/environment assets in coastal area of Surabaya, the large of mangrove is 625 Ha. The largest
forest located in Keputih village, Sukolilo subdistrict. It is 130 Ha and the smallest is 5 ha , located in Bulak
village, Bulak subdistrict.
However, the damage of mangrove is caused by land conversion by opening mangrove for luxurious residence,
tourism, levee, beach and embankment development. In addition, pollution of industrial and household wastes
from downstream as well as plastic waste to the coastal area that increase every year distracts mangrove
vegetation growth. This causes natural imbalance in coastal area. 75% of fisherman households see that there has
been environment degradation in coastal area during the last ten years. This causes beach abrasion. Moreover,
more than 77% of people never do natural conversion especially mangrove preservation. In developing eco-
tourism especially in the fisherman residence area in Medokan Ayu, Wonorejo and Gunung Anyar embank,
fishermen do some activities to support eco-tourism, such as drying fish, managing fishing crops and mangrove.
It was found in the fisherman residence in Kejawan Putih Tambak and Keputih that there is no significant
activity related to nature, while in Kalisari, the fishermen only drying fish crops in their residence area.
3.1.4. Infrastructure/Physical Asset
Physical asset is related to people’s access towards facilities and infrastructure that support fisherman’s life, such
as: the availability of residence infrastructure service that includes utility availabilities like electrical service,
waste management, sanitation and drainage, road network, clean water service, as well as communication
services. Basically, the needs of all areas that become research locations are well accomplished with well
condition. However, it still needs some reparation and enhancement. 85% of them have accessed infrastructure
in the city. Furthermore, the availability of residence service and facilities in each area shows that those areas
have been well completed with residence infrastructure (75%), like education, health, worshiping area and green
open area facilities. However, there is no service of such facilities. This is not too problematic since those
facilities can be accessed easily around fisherman residence area.
3.1.5. Financial Asset
Indicator of financial asset used to measure sustainable livelihood are household income, comparison of income
and expenditure, savings and fisherman’s opportunity to get additional asset like soft loan. Household income
under UMK (Labor Minimum Wage) is 62% while those whose income is above UMK are 38%. Most
fisherman’s expenditure for monthly consumption is about 600.001-1.200.000 rupiahs with percentage 46%
from all samples and the others are above it. This is also caused by number of family members. The larger
number of family members, the larger expenditure for consumption. There are only 25% of fisherman
households that save their money more than 2.500.000 rupiahs in the bank. The others, about 15%, have soft
loan like people business credit (KUR) in the bank, 22 % in the cooperation, and 31% loan from moneylender
with relative big interest. Therefore, the research result shows that only 47% of coastal people who are able to
achieve financial asset.
3.2. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya
Sustainable livelihood level can be described through pentagon. Pentagon can be used to perform the difference
of people’s access. Center point of pentagon in which all lines meet, shows access zero (0) towards assets, while
outside border shows maximum access towards assets. Therefore, pentagon with different shape can be
performed to the society and used by social groups in the society (Saragih et al 2007).
Research result of fisherman household in the coastal area of Surabaya, especially in the east coastal area,
Pamurbaya, shows that achievement of livelihood asset is imbalanced or fisherman household access towards
five assets in SLA is not optimal yet. For detail explanation, the result of sustainable livelihood assessment in the
coastal area of Surabaya can be seen in figure 3.
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya
3. Conclusion
From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have
to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is
not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city
area infrastructure development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause
imbalance in people’s life and thus it may cause vulnerability and
Mangrove degradation and people who less understand
condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land
influence people’s ability in obtaining financial
events and social institutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in
Surabaya.
4. Suggestion
These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the
analysis results of SLA in coastal area of Surabaya with participatory approach:
• Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential
• Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement
through development of assets establishment in balance
• Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of
Surabaya
• Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should
based on sustainable establishment principal oriented to
participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood
successfully realized is a condition in which there is
about many things related to people’s life and needs.
References
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Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
2863 (Online)
55
Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya
From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have
to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is
not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city
ucture development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause
imbalance in people’s life and thus it may cause vulnerability and insecurity.
Mangrove degradation and people who less understand the environmental aspects may l
condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land
influence people’s ability in obtaining financial asset support. The lack of social aspect support like cultural
nstitutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in
These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the
rea of Surabaya with participatory approach:
Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential
Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement
ssets establishment in balanced and continually
Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of
Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should
based on sustainable establishment principal oriented to the society through the enhancement of
participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood
successfully realized is a condition in which there is a negotiation process directly towards society
about many things related to people’s life and needs.
Adger, W. N. (2006). 'Vulnerability'. Global Environmental Change, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268
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Dinas Pertanian Kota Surabaya. (2012). ‘Profil Perikanan Kota Surabaya’.
www.iiste.org
Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya
From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have not been able
to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is
not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city
ucture development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause
environmental aspects may lead into the bad
condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land ownership
support. The lack of social aspect support like cultural
nstitutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in
These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the
Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential
Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement
Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of
Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should be persistently
society through the enhancement of
participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood has been
a negotiation process directly towards society
Adger, W. N. (2006). 'Vulnerability'. Global Environmental Change, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268-281.
Evaluasi Program Perikanan : Participatory Qualitative
ng . Bogor : Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
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Fisherman’s participation in assessing level of sustainable livelihood in surabaya coastal city , indonesia

  • 1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.10, 2013 51 Fisherman’s Participation in Assessing Level of Sustainable Livelihood in Surabaya Coastal City , Indonesia Ardiyanto Maksimilianus G1* Jenny Ernawati1,2 Soemarno1,3 , 1 Environmental Resources Management Master Program, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia 3 Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia * E-mail of the corresponding author : mimitprimyastanto@gmail.com Abstract Multidimensional poverty closely related to social, economy and environmental vulnerabilities remain happen in fisherman society, especially in Surabaya coastal city, in the middle of the magnificence of Surabaya city as the second biggest city in Indonesia as well as the center of industry, commercial and marine. A comprehensive approach is essentially required to identify the multidimensional poverty. Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) is an approach used to reduce poverty and fisherman vulnerability by emphasizing more on strategic sectors to support sustainable livelihood. SLA is closely related to participatory poverty assessment/ PPA method. This research aims to enhance Surabaya fishermen’s participation in assessing and understanding the influence of sustainable livelihood achievement. The data of this research were collected through deep interview with stakeholder, Focus Group Discussion and direct observation. The result of this research showed that the level of sustainable livelihood of fisherman society in Surabaya was imbalanced or unsustainable. It was described in asset pentagon diagram. People achieved 80% of physical assets like facilities and infrastructures, however, people’s ability in accessing sources or other sectors like social, human and natural/environmental as well as finance assets were only under 50%. Therefore, every policy of development directly linked to people in Surabaya city coastal, must be based on sustainable principals oriented to society through participatory approach. Key words : Multidimensional poverty, fisherman society, sustainable livelihood approach (SLA), participatory poverty assessment (PPA). 1. Introduction Poverty is a condition of material and social deprivation that causes an individual lives under feasible life, or a condition in which an individual undergoes relative deprivation compared to other individual in a society (Hall et al, 2004). Poverty, nowadays, becomes a complex and multidimensional problem, since it is measured from not only income level, but also vulnerability and insecurity, in which poor people are more socially, economically and environmentally vulnerable (Kulindwa et al, 2008). According to Sanderson (2000), there is a large number of poor people in the city who live in the damaged land, it is vulnerable to flood and landslide, as well as in the crowded area that is vulnerable to fire and natural disaster. Vulnerability of poor people, in a social-ecological system is blipped by the impact of climate change, rapidness of people growth and economy growth enhancement (Adger, 2006). Multidimensional poverty and its relation to social vulnerability remain happen in fisherman community (Neiland and Bene, 2004), especially in fisherman or production-unit household level. This level is the smallest unit or level in a fisherman community system as the part of household population in coastal area. Fisherman household is often known as those who live in crowded condition, with limited access to social services, low level of education, and do not have skill as well as main asset, especially land (Adrianto, 2007). Such conditions cause fisherman community is vulnerable to the attack of social, political and economic changes, as well as the fishermen’s inability to counter capitalist intervention, the presence of stakeholder. Therefore, ultimately, poverty always becomes a trade mark to fishermen community (Razali, 2004). Some pressures that increase the number of poor people in coastal city area are: people growth in coastal area, development of coastal and sea tourism sectors, changes and varieties of climate as well as regulation of government infrastructure, suburbanization in coastal area that causes two types of pressure: first is ‘direct’ pressure that happens in living environment as the result of development in coastal area, second is continuing pressure as the result of development in city area like domestic and waste industry (Smith and Doherty, 2006). From some problems happen in coastal city that have been described related to fisherman poverty as well as some pressures, researchers suggest that an effective effort is required in managing, allocating and using the resources in coastal area sustainably and preservatively to decrease poverty and vulnerabilities of fisherman community. Ahmed (2009) in his research, uses Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) in developing fishery sector in Bangladesh. The result shows that fishermen can reach sustainable livelihood through enhancing access of some assets of living. Ali (2001), in his research related to optimalizing sustainable livelihood approach concept in
  • 2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.10, 2013 52 solving poverty in city area of Africa also shows that the dynamical process of social, economical and environmental changes, that always happens in the city area, becomes a possibility yet it tends to create threat in accessing some living assets. Optimalizing of sustainable livelihood approach can be used as basic principal to encourage fishermen in establishing sustainable livelihood strategy (Ali, 2001). Basically, sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) is a main approach in development program, aiming at reducing fishermen poverty and vulnerabilities (Neiland and Bene, 2004). In practice, SLA in fishery sector more emphasizes on some strategic sectors that support fishermen’s life, such as formal and informal institutions that influence their livelihood as a fisherman, resources management, social and economical heterogeneity of fisherman household as well as some significant aspects that can be taken into account to solve poverty in coastal area. SLA can help fisherman household or coastal society in determining priority or needs to support their life, so that they are able to manage resources effectively without damage its sustainability (Allison and Horemans, 2006). Sustainable livelihood can be achieved when people decide their choice to access possibility and resources as well as uncover the possibility to the others and future generation in accessing them (Norton and Foster, 2001). Moreover, sustainable livelihood approach, in practice, is closely related to participatory poverty assessments (PPA) method. PPA has been developed as an instrument which includes poor people’s perspective in poverty analysis as well as strategic formulation to solve poverty (Saragih et al, 2007). Furthermore, Saragih et al say that through PPA, priority of poor community problems and their strategies in running their life as well as their efforts to get rid of poverty can be identified. Like the problem of resources managing in coastal areas in Indonesia, Surabaya also has complex problems in coastal areas (Bappeko Surabaya, 2011). Surabaya that is known as the center of industrial, commercial and marine area, has important role in some parts of East Indonesia (Prihandrijanti and Firdayati, 2011) and becomes the center of orientation in East Java. Surabaya develops rapidly in terms of physical and social-economical contexts and gives some impacts to the coastal environment and fisherman community life. Fishermen in Surabaya are those who live in concerning prosperity level with slummy residence (Dinas Pertanian Surabaya, 2012). Therefore, this research aims at assessing sustainable livelihood level in coastal area of Surabaya through participatory poverty assessments (PPA) method. The result of this research can be used to decide policy in reducing poverty in coastal area of Surabaya. 1. Materials and Method 2.1. Study Site In selecting location of this research, the researchers used criterion based selection method in which location is selected based on certain criteria so that certain occasions are really selected to complete the information (Kanto, 2003). This research was conducted in east coastal area of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) which is the main area of fisherman residence development with great potential of resources such as mangrove, embankment, poultry and eco-tourism facilities (Nugrahanti and Navastara, 2012). Figure 1. Coastal Area of Surabaya (Source: Bappeko Surabaya 2011)
  • 3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.10, 2013 53 2.2. Research Method Population of this research were 624 fishermen’s households live in Pamurbaya area in Bulak Subdistrict, 142 households live in Mulyorejo, 50 households live in Sukolilo, 45 households live in Rungkut, 17 households in Gunung Anyar and 228 households in Kenjeran (Dinas Pertanian, Surabaya, 2012). Number of sample was determined by purposive sampling method. Research method used in this research was Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA). PPA emphasizes the significance of commitment in involving poor people to analyze poverty and make strategic formulation of poverty alleviation (Norton, et al, 2001). Data collection was conducted by using some techniques such as in-depth interview to the key informant consists of fisherman household, socialite and government. (Focus Group Discussion/ FGD) was conducted to explore information, agreement and similar perception in the community or society level. In addition, observation was done to obtain phenomena data, event or occasion undergone by poor households in the research location. Analysis method used in this research was descriptive analysis that positioned fisherman as respondent and main informant. The data collected were analyzed by using statistics descriptive so that it produced frequency scores from each item. Frequency scores were presented in the form of percentage. 2. Results and Discussion 3.1. Indicator of Sustainable Livelihood There are five assets influence people’s life in the society, developed into main indicators in SLA approach, they are: human asset, natural asset, social asset, physical asset and financial asset (Allison, et al, 2006). Life assets or resources are significant factors that should be properly revealed and understood since every resource has different characteristic and support power for every individual and society (BAPPENAS, 2012). Every resource/asset interrelates to other resources. Policy and effective development program note and map properly which resource/asset should be supported. A mistake often happens in fisherman community, especially in coastal area of Surabaya is a program which tends to be exploitative toward certain resource and lack of attention to the other resource development as an alternative. The following are the results of fishermen’s abilities in coastal area of Surabaya in accessing resource/asset as the main indicator in sustainable livelihood. 3.1.1. Human Asset Indicators of human asset that are categorized important elements to support sustainable livelihood are productive age-people that have completed their studies (Senior High School and College) and fisherman’s involvement in training activities. The results of analysis are 22% of them did not access school, 27% of them graduated from Elementary School, 14% of them graduated from Junior High School, 26% of them graduated from Senior High School, 11% of them graduated from university/college. In other words, there are only 37% of fishermen in Pamurbaya coastal area who completed secondary school and 63% did not. In addition, only 27% of fishermen who participated in training activity, at least one kind of trainings related to entrepreneurship or exploring coastal resources. The research result shows that only 32% of people who are able to access well human asset. In other words, not less than 68% of fisherman households who are not able to access human asset. Such conditions cause workers cannot access more feasible job. 3.1.2. Social Asset Indicators of social asset that are categorized important elements to support sustainable livelihood are cultural and institutional aspects, as well as people’s participation in the organization. In the fisherman residence area in Wonorejo village, there is a society organization which actively take role in developing eco-tourism, while in the other areas there is no such conventional/ formal organization from fisherman society in terms of economical, social and environmental aspects. There are some entrepreneur groups of fisherman yet they have not been optimalized. From all respondents, 90% of them think that both formal and informal institutions/organizations have not contributed optimally to fisherman society. Research result shows that people’s access towards institutional aspect is remain under 10%. Furthermore, in social asset study, related to culture, from the result of identification, there is only one cultural event that has been held hereditarily since fisherman’s ancestors era in Sukolilo village that is called ‘Galang Perahu’. This event is usually held at Thursday night before fishermen do their duties to seek and catch fish in the sea. This event is preceded by cleaning boat and dirt in the beach. In the other areas, there is no such cultural event that becomes main characteristics of society culture in coastal area of Surabaya. Therefore, such cultural event that is followed by only 5% of coastal society, especially fishermen in Sukolilo, should be revitalized so that beach conversion can be supported in participatory. From the research result, fisherman households that access social asset supporting some other livelihood activities are approximately 35% and only 20% who
  • 4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.10, 2013 54 actively participate in both social and economical organizations closely related to fisherman’s activity. 3.1.3. Natural/ Environment Asset Main indicator that is used to measure sustainable livelihood related to natural asset is people’s access to ownership status and land capacity, supply of mangrove, and people’s ability in accessing and preserving environment as well. The lack of land and non-fisherman land ownership status cause fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya live with insecure condition and vulnerable to natural disaster and they are afraid of controlling unregulated residence step in coastal area. There are approximately 32% of fishermen who have land ownership status and the others remain do not have fixed land to live in. Moreover, there are 37% of fishermen who live in area which is vulnerable to natural disaster. Related to natural/environment assets in coastal area of Surabaya, the large of mangrove is 625 Ha. The largest forest located in Keputih village, Sukolilo subdistrict. It is 130 Ha and the smallest is 5 ha , located in Bulak village, Bulak subdistrict. However, the damage of mangrove is caused by land conversion by opening mangrove for luxurious residence, tourism, levee, beach and embankment development. In addition, pollution of industrial and household wastes from downstream as well as plastic waste to the coastal area that increase every year distracts mangrove vegetation growth. This causes natural imbalance in coastal area. 75% of fisherman households see that there has been environment degradation in coastal area during the last ten years. This causes beach abrasion. Moreover, more than 77% of people never do natural conversion especially mangrove preservation. In developing eco- tourism especially in the fisherman residence area in Medokan Ayu, Wonorejo and Gunung Anyar embank, fishermen do some activities to support eco-tourism, such as drying fish, managing fishing crops and mangrove. It was found in the fisherman residence in Kejawan Putih Tambak and Keputih that there is no significant activity related to nature, while in Kalisari, the fishermen only drying fish crops in their residence area. 3.1.4. Infrastructure/Physical Asset Physical asset is related to people’s access towards facilities and infrastructure that support fisherman’s life, such as: the availability of residence infrastructure service that includes utility availabilities like electrical service, waste management, sanitation and drainage, road network, clean water service, as well as communication services. Basically, the needs of all areas that become research locations are well accomplished with well condition. However, it still needs some reparation and enhancement. 85% of them have accessed infrastructure in the city. Furthermore, the availability of residence service and facilities in each area shows that those areas have been well completed with residence infrastructure (75%), like education, health, worshiping area and green open area facilities. However, there is no service of such facilities. This is not too problematic since those facilities can be accessed easily around fisherman residence area. 3.1.5. Financial Asset Indicator of financial asset used to measure sustainable livelihood are household income, comparison of income and expenditure, savings and fisherman’s opportunity to get additional asset like soft loan. Household income under UMK (Labor Minimum Wage) is 62% while those whose income is above UMK are 38%. Most fisherman’s expenditure for monthly consumption is about 600.001-1.200.000 rupiahs with percentage 46% from all samples and the others are above it. This is also caused by number of family members. The larger number of family members, the larger expenditure for consumption. There are only 25% of fisherman households that save their money more than 2.500.000 rupiahs in the bank. The others, about 15%, have soft loan like people business credit (KUR) in the bank, 22 % in the cooperation, and 31% loan from moneylender with relative big interest. Therefore, the research result shows that only 47% of coastal people who are able to achieve financial asset. 3.2. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya Sustainable livelihood level can be described through pentagon. Pentagon can be used to perform the difference of people’s access. Center point of pentagon in which all lines meet, shows access zero (0) towards assets, while outside border shows maximum access towards assets. Therefore, pentagon with different shape can be performed to the society and used by social groups in the society (Saragih et al 2007). Research result of fisherman household in the coastal area of Surabaya, especially in the east coastal area, Pamurbaya, shows that achievement of livelihood asset is imbalanced or fisherman household access towards five assets in SLA is not optimal yet. For detail explanation, the result of sustainable livelihood assessment in the coastal area of Surabaya can be seen in figure 3.
  • 5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.10, 2013 Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya 3. Conclusion From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city area infrastructure development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause imbalance in people’s life and thus it may cause vulnerability and Mangrove degradation and people who less understand condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land influence people’s ability in obtaining financial events and social institutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in Surabaya. 4. Suggestion These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the analysis results of SLA in coastal area of Surabaya with participatory approach: • Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential • Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement through development of assets establishment in balance • Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of Surabaya • Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should based on sustainable establishment principal oriented to participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood successfully realized is a condition in which there is about many things related to people’s life and needs. References Adger, W. N. (2006). 'Vulnerability'. Global Environmental Change, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268 Adrianto, L. (2007). Pendekatan dan Metodologi Modeling . Bogor : Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ahmed, Nesar. (2009). The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to the Development of Fish Farming in Rural Bangladesh. International Farm Management Journ http://www.ifmaonline.org/pages/journals.php Ali, Ogwuche Jonathan. (2011). ‘Optimizing the concept of sustainable reduction in african urban areas’. Allison, Edward H. and Horemans, Benoit. (2006). ‘Putting the principles of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach into fisheries development policy and practice’. Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Kota (BAPPEKO) Surabaya Kota Surabaya’. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS). (2012) Mengenal Pend Berkelanjutan dan Ruang Lingkup Penerapannya. Pembelajaran Pendekatan Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Bagi Perencana dan Pegiat Pembangunan Daerah. Modul 2. Kerjasama Badan Diklat NAD dan UNDP CIDA. Dinas Pertanian Kota Surabaya. (2012). ‘Pro Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 2863 (Online) 55 Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city ucture development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause imbalance in people’s life and thus it may cause vulnerability and insecurity. Mangrove degradation and people who less understand the environmental aspects may l condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land influence people’s ability in obtaining financial asset support. The lack of social aspect support like cultural nstitutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the rea of Surabaya with participatory approach: Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement ssets establishment in balanced and continually Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should based on sustainable establishment principal oriented to the society through the enhancement of participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood successfully realized is a condition in which there is a negotiation process directly towards society about many things related to people’s life and needs. Adger, W. N. (2006). 'Vulnerability'. Global Environmental Change, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268 Adrianto, L. (2007). Pendekatan dan Metodologi Evaluasi Program Perikanan : Participatory Qualitative ng . Bogor : Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to the Development of Fish Farming in Rural International Farm Management Journal Vol.4. No.4. http://www.ifmaonline.org/pages/journals.php. diakses 20 Maret 2013. Ali, Ogwuche Jonathan. (2011). ‘Optimizing the concept of sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) to Poverty reduction in african urban areas’. Journal of Social Science and Public Policy Vol. 3, 87 Allison, Edward H. and Horemans, Benoit. (2006). ‘Putting the principles of the Sustainable Livelihoods ies development policy and practice’. Marine Policy 30, 757–766. Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Kota (BAPPEKO) Surabaya. (2011). ‘Rencana Strategis Wilayah Pesisir Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS). (2012) Mengenal Pend Berkelanjutan dan Ruang Lingkup Penerapannya. Pembelajaran Pendekatan Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Bagi Perencana dan Pegiat Pembangunan Daerah. Modul 2. Kerjasama Badan Diklat NAD dan UNDP Dinas Pertanian Kota Surabaya. (2012). ‘Profil Perikanan Kota Surabaya’. www.iiste.org Figure 3. Sustainable Livelihood Level in Coastal Area of Surabaya From research results, it can be concluded that in fact, fishermen in coastal area of Surabaya have not been able to achieve sustainable livelihood. Most of fishermen are only able to access physical assets optimally, yet it is not supported by ability in accessing or achieving other four sustainable livelihood assets. This shows that city ucture development in coastal area without taking into account other people’s needs may cause environmental aspects may lead into the bad condition of environment and natural disaster. Furthermore, the lack of human resources and land ownership support. The lack of social aspect support like cultural nstitutions lead into worse condition in achieving sustainable livelihood of fishermen in These following are some important things that should be persisted and endured as the following up from the Encouraging people in determining their life achievement by realizing their own potential Surabaya government should pay attention to people’s needs in sustainable livelihood achievement Enhancing people’s awareness of environment and natural resources conservation in coastal area of Establishment policies related directly to the society in coastal area of Surabaya should be persistently society through the enhancement of participatory establishment plan, since one of indicators that shows sustainable livelihood has been a negotiation process directly towards society Adger, W. N. (2006). 'Vulnerability'. Global Environmental Change, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 268-281. Evaluasi Program Perikanan : Participatory Qualitative ng . Bogor : Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to the Development of Fish Farming in Rural al Vol.4. No.4. livelihoods approach (SLA) to Poverty Vol. 3, 87-98 Allison, Edward H. and Horemans, Benoit. (2006). ‘Putting the principles of the Sustainable Livelihoods 766. . (2011). ‘Rencana Strategis Wilayah Pesisir Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS). (2012) Mengenal Pendekatan Penhidupan Berkelanjutan dan Ruang Lingkup Penerapannya. Pembelajaran Pendekatan Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Bagi Perencana dan Pegiat Pembangunan Daerah. Modul 2. Kerjasama Badan Diklat NAD dan UNDP-
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  • 7. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage: http://www.iiste.org CALL FOR PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar