March 12 class notes

1. Review
Quality Adjectives
Strong Verbs
-ly words
Who/which clause
(adjectival)
www.asia.because
Sentence Openers

2. Quality Adjectives
Should tell us something we don’t already know…
Smart genius Evil genius
Enormous
elephant
Sluggish
elephant
Cute puppy

3. Strong Verbs
Mostly active!

4. • Mistakes were made.
• Senator Cromley made mistakes.
• There were lots of people milling about.
• A crowd milled about the court yard.
• The cabinet’s shelves were filled with dishes.
• Dishes filled the cabinet’s shelves.
• Virginia is a state which borders North Carolina.
• The state of Virginia borders North Carolina.

5. -LY WORDS/ Adverbs
When your strong verb needs a little help.

6. Who/Which Clause
Place near the noun which it modifies.
(Grammar Rule #8.)
Who for people and personified animals
Which for things including non-personified
animals

7. Making the most of a who/which
Do not use it when an adjective works just as well.
The cat which is gray purred loudly.
The gray cat purred loudly.
The boy who was naughty threw the snowball.
The naughty boy threw the snowball.

8. Making the most of who/which
Do not use when a simple appositive* would
work.
*Appositives are nouns or pronouns placed
next to or very near other nouns or
pronouns to identify, explain, or
supplement their meaning. An appositive
has the same case as the word that it
refers to.
The officer ticketed Rita who was the driver.
The officer ticketed Rita, the driver.
The kangaroo which is a marsupial lives in Austalia.
The kangaroo, a marsupial, lives in Australia.

9. Making the Most of Who/Which
Who/Which
The players fled when they realized the ball
which they had thrown had crashed
through Mr. Picklers living room window.
The players fled when they realized the ball
they had thrown had crashed through Mr.
Picklers living room window.

10. Making the Most of Who/Which
Who/Which
The waitress whom* Barry likes quit.
Barry likes her.
him, her, them, us, me = whom (obj.)
she, he, they, we, I = who (subj.)
The waitress Barry likes quit.

11. www.asia because
When
While
Where
As
Since
If
Although
Because
Unless
Until
Before
After
Must have noun AND Verb!
Unless you know how to drive, we will have to
walk.
Until Sally apologized, Mary would not speak to
her.
Before you go to bed, you must brush your teeth.

12. Sentence Openers
1. Subject
2. Prepositional
3. -ly
4. ing
5.www.asia.bubba
6. V.S.S.
Preposition + Object of
the Preposition
Must be near noun
it modifies!
Adds emphasis/drama
when used among longer
sentences.

13. ing/ed
• The child cried bitterly. The child sought comfort from
her mother.
• Combined: Crying bitterly, the child sought comfort from
her mother.
• Charlie was discouraged by low grades. Charlie dropped
out of college.
• Combined: Discouraged by low grades, Charlie dropped
out of college.
• The officers were confronted with the facts. They had to
admit they had arrested the wrong man.
• Combined:Confronted with the facts, the officers had to
admit they had arrested the wrong man.

14. After
dressing…
Quality Adjectives
Strong Verbs
-ly words
Who/which clause
(adjectival)
www.asia.because
Sentence Openers

15. Decorations! (pg.5)
• Question
• Conversation/quotation
• 3 sss
• Dramatic opening-closing
• Simile/metaphor
• Alliteration
• Triple Extension

16. Question/Command p. 43

17. Conversation/Quotation
Unexpected…for emphasis or variety.
“I’m here!” rumbled the elephant in
infrasound.
As Mark Twain noted, “History may not
repeat itself but it sure does rhyme.”

18. 3 sss (pg.43)
Three Short, Staccato Sentences
4:3:2 Killer bees invaded America.
Viciously they attacked. Humans Suffered.
3:3:3 Savage bees attacked. Violently they
killed. Nobody was spared.
2:2:2 Bees invaded. They maurauded.
Humans perished.

19. Dramatic Opening/Closing (pg.46)
• VSS before topic sentence, combined with
another dramatic vss after the clincher sentence.
Hungry flames roared. (opening)
The farm lay in ashes. (closing)
Peter sighed. (opening)
Peter had an idea. (closing)
Killer bees invaded. (opening)
The nightmare had begun. (closing)

20. Simile/Metaphor (p.44)
Simile “as” “like”
light as a feather
a road like brown ribbon
dog tired
happy as a lark
Metaphor (cannot be true)
a heart of stone
the metal sky
a flaming rose
sand for hair
the glass ocean

21. Similes in Literature
“She entered with ungainly struggle like some huge awkward chicken,
torn, squawking, out of its coop.” — The Adventure of the Three
Gables, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
“Camperdown, Copenhagen, Trafalgar — these names thunder in
memory like the booming of great guns.” — Mutiny on the Bounty,
by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall
The water made a sound like kittens lapping.” — The Yearling, by
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
“. . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow
her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be
taken down by one’s pencil . . .” — To the Lighthouse, by Virginia
Woolf

22. Metaphors in Literature
All the world’s a stage, and all the men and
women merely players. They have their
exits and their entrances.
William Shakespeare

23. Alliteration (pg.42)
Two or more words (preferrably three)
beginning with the same letter or letter
blend sound. May be separated by
conjunctions or articles, short pronouns or
preopsitions.
Crass, crude and crafty…
Clumsily he clawed and clambered up the
cliff.

24. Triple Extension (pg. 50)
• Thrice…never twice!
– The Same Word
– Part of Speech (verbs, adjectives, -ly words)
– Type of Phrase or Clause

25. Triple Extension (pg. 50)
• Thrice…never twice!
– Same word
Music was my life, music brought me to life, and music is how I will be
remembered long after I leave this life. ("life" is also tripled)
Not only was her purse empty, but her heart was empty, and her soul was
empty.
Tiki Tom had lost his way, lost his hope, and ultimately lost his mind.

26. Triple Extension (pg. 50)
• Thrice…never twice!
– Same part of speech
Constantly and joyfully but cacophonously, the children ran around the
house when they knew their favorite cousins were coming over.
The lunar rover is a unique, rugged, autonomous space exploration
vehicle designed to move across the surface of the moon.
The carrier pigeon, named "Cher Ami", carried many messages during
World War I, flew through enemy lines, and saved many American soldiers.

27. Triple Extension (pg. 50)
• Thrice…never twice!
– Same Phrase or Clause
Tiki Tom had renewed hope when he received Aurora’s letter in the bottle,
while paddling away from the deserted island, because he now knew he was
close to home.
Neil Armstrong became famous for stating “The Eagle has landed”, before
becoming the first man on the moon, during the 1969 Apollo 13 mission.

28. Assonance and Consonance p. 49

29. Assignment
Find five (5) passages (preferably a paragraph with no dialogue) of 150 to 200
words. Please choose from works from which have achieved literary
distinction as a “classic” or been deemed “required reading” by English
teachers.
Children’s books such as The Velveteen Rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, or The
Railway Children may provide suitable passages, but you should use no
more than two children’s books for your passages. The others should
come from works which were written with readers of your
age/grade/maturity in mind. If you need more of selection than your
home library provide, check out www.gutenberg.org! You may choose
nonfiction or fiction. Passages from well-respected magazines just as
National Geographic, Smithsonian, etc. may also be used.
Photocopy the passage, copy and paste or type it in. Be sure to indicate the
name of the book from which it came as well as the author’s name.
Analyze it for stylistic techniques according to the directions below. This
week only, you will submit anything via Engrade. Rather, you will turn in
the passage and the analyses in class on Wednesday, March 19.

30. Green = strong verb
Pink = -ly word (or adverb)
Orange = Quality Adjective
Purple = who/which clause (Appositive: advanced who/which clause –omits who
is, who was, which was, which is, etc. The kangaroo which is a marsupial lives in
Australia. The kangroo, a marsupial, lives in Austrialia.)
Red = www.asia.bubba clause
If you are able to identify the opener as one of the six, please mark it with a small
number above the first word.
#1 – Subject
#2 – Prepositional Phrase
#3 – -ly word
#4 – -ing
#5 – www.asia.bubba clause
#6 – VSS

31. Underline any of the following decorations you recognize in the passage.
Write the corresponding letter above the decoration.
A. Question (not as part of dialogue)
B. Conversation/quotations (used creatively as an opener or in an
unexpected manner; not part of a story in which dialogue would be
expected.)
C. 3 sss (short, staccato sentences)
D. Dramatic opening-closing (VSS used to open and/or close a paragraph.)
E. Simile/metaphor
F. Alliteration
G. Triple Extension (see pg. 50 for examples)

32. The Velveteen Rabbit
by Margery Williams
For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor,
and no one thought very much about him. He was naturally shy,
and being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys
quite snubbed him. The mechanical toys were very superior and
looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas,
and pretended they were real. The model boat, who had lived
through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone form
them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in
technical terms. The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of
anything, because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he
thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he
understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be
mentioned in modern circles. Even Timothy, the jointed wooden
lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers and should have had
broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with
Government. Between them all the poor little rabbit was made to
feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only
person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

33. (2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the
nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him.
(1L)He was naturally shy, and (4)being only made of
velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed
him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and
looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern
ideas, and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat,
who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his
paint, caught the tone form them and never missed an
opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms.
(1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything,
because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought
they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he
understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should
never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy,
the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled
soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and
pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between
them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very
insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who
was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

34. (2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the
nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him.
(1L)He was naturally shy, and being only made of
velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed
him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and
looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern
ideas and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat,
who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his
paint, caught the tone from them and never missed an
opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms.
(1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything,
because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought
they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he
understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should
never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy,
the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled
soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and
pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between
them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very
insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who
was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

35. (2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the
nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him.
(1L)He was naturally shy, and being only made of
velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed
him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and
looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern
ideas and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat,
who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his
paint, caught the tone from them and never missed an
opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms.
(1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything,
because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought
they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he
understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should
never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy,
the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled
soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and
pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between
them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very
insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who
was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

36. (2) At sight of these (G)strange, swift, and terrible
creatures, the crowd near the water's edge
seemed to me to be for a moment horror-struck.
(1)There was no (G)screaming or shouting, but a
silence. (1)Then a hoarse murmur and a
movement of feet--a splashing from the water. A
man, too frightened to drop the portmanteau
which he carried on his shoulder, swung round
and sent me staggering with a blow from the
corner of his burden. (1)A woman thrust at me
with her hand and rushed past me. (1)I turned
with the rush of the people, but I was not too
terrified for thought. (1)The terrible Heat-Ray
was in my mind. To get under water! (6)That
was it! (From War of The Worlds by H.G. Wells)