1. BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY Alishba Khan

2. BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY
The term biofuel is referred to as
liquid or gaseous fuels for the
transport sector that are
predominantly produced from
biomass.
The material of plants and
animals, including their wastes
and residues,is called biomass.

3. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF BIOFUEL
Feedstock Sources
Various sources of feeds tocks are described
here.
Algae oil
 Algae are single-celled organisms that, like
plants, produce energy through the process of
photosynthesis, Algae oil can be used to produce
biodiesel.
 Extracting the oil leaves behind dried green
flakes that can be further reprocessed to create
ethanol, another fuel
Carbohydrate (sugars) rich biomaterial
It comes from the fermentation of starches
derived from agricultural products like corn, sugar
cane, wheat, beets, and other existing food crops,
or from inedible cellulose.

4. CONTI…
Oils rich biomaterial
It comes from existing food crops like rapeseed (aka Canola),
sunflower, corn, and others, after it has been used for other
purposes, i.e food preparation
Agriculture wastes (organic and inorganic sources)
It comes from agricultural waste which is concentrated into
charcoal-like biomass by heating it.

5. TYPES OF BIOFUELS
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe.
It is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is a
liquid similar in properties to fossil/mineral diesel
Bioethers
Bioethers are produced by the reaction of reactive iso-olefins, such
as iso-butylene, with bioethanol.
Bioethers are created from wheat or sugar beet
They also enhance engine performance while significantly reducing
engine wear and toxic exhaust emissions.

6. TYPES OF BIOFUEL
Types of
Biofuel
Bioethanol
Biomethanol
Biogas
Biodiesel

7. CONTI….
Biogas
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobic bacteria.
It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials
or by the use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to
supplement gas yields.
Solid Biofuels
Examples include wood, sawdust, grass trimmings, domestic
refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, nonfood energy crops, and
dried manure.

8. GREEN DIESEL
Green Diesel
Green diesel is produced through hydrocracking biological oil
feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevated
temperatures and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to
break down larger molecules, such as those found in vegetable
oils, into shorter HC chains used in diesel engines.
It may also be called renewable diesel, hydrotreated vegetable
oil, or hydrogen-derived renewable diesel.
Green diesel has the same chemical properties as petroleum-
based diesel.

9. SYNGAS
Syngas
Syngas, a mixture of CO, hydrogen, and other HCs, is
produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion
with an amount of oxygen (O2) that is not sufficient to convert
the biomass completely to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water

10. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
GENERATIONS
•1st Generation
•2nd Generation
•3rd Generation
Generations

11. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
GENERATIONS
Biofuel can be classified in to following types based on
generations.
First generation biofuels
Derived from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil (only from edible
parts of crops)
– Two main types of 1st generation biofuels
Bioethanol
Made from sugar cane, corn
Biodiesel
Made from palm oil, rapeseed

12. CONTI…
The starch from the basic feedstocks is fermented into
bioethanol, or the vegetable oil through chemical process to
biodiesel.
First-generation feed stock
This group mainly consists of maize, wheat, sugarcane, sugar
beet, cassava, and corn
These feedstocks are capable of being converted into biofuels
(bioalcohols and biodiesel) by means of processes such as
fermentation and transesterification, respectively

13. CONTI…

14. CONTI….
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS ARE:
 1)BIO-DIESEL
2)GREEN-DIESEL
 3)BIO-ETHERS
4)BIO-GAS
 5)SYN-GAS

15. SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
Second generation biofuels are obtained from non-edible biomass such as
crop byproducts, plant litter and organic waste
Second generation biofuels include
“biohydrogen, biomethanol
biohyrdrogen diesel
mixed alcohols and wood diesel
Advantages vs 1st generation:
 Increase quantitative potential for biofuel generation per hectare
 Grow on poor, degradated soils where food crop production is not optimal
(Jatropha).
 Less effects on commodity markets

16. CONTI…
Disadvantages:
 More of these species can be invasive and have negative
impacts on water resources, biodiversity and agriculture
 At the moment they are still more expensive than fossil fuels
 Still under research and development for a significant
commercial scale

17. THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS
The third generation biofuels come from algae, that are low-input, high-yield
feedstock to produce Biofuels
To produce third generation biofuels, such as biodiesel, butanol, gasoline,
methane, bio-ethanol and jetfuel, biochemical and or thermochemical methods
are employed
Pros
30 - 100 times more energy productive and effective
 The Biomass leftover from oil pressing can be used for animal feeding and
ethanol production
Processing Biofuel from algae can capture large amount of CO2
They are relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard and expensive to
extract
Cons
High capital costs, early research stage

18. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Biofuels benefit environmental by reducing GHGs and reducing local pollution
Bioethanolis water soluble, non toxic and biodegradable.
Ethanol can replace 10% of the world’s gasoline without clearing more rain
forests and by doing less harm to the environment than current agriculture
Biofuels offer low levels of carbon dioxide emission.
Biofuel by product is less dangerous to human health and the environment

19. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
biofuels, particularly those derived from palm biodiesel
blends, may be more carcinogenic than conventional fuels.
Fuels derived from biomass energy cannot be considered truly carbon‐
neutral because of the stages of production, transportation and proces
sing require nonrenewable energy
Studies have shown that fermentation and distilling of first generation
biofuels create negative net energy.
Limitations in Use in Vehicles - Some biofuels require modifications to
vehicle engines and are still being used as additives instead of fossil
fuel replacements.
High Water Use - Those biofuel crops require large quantities are
water to irrigate which may strain local or regional resources.

20. SOCIAL‐ECONOMICS BENEFIT
•Reduce the price of oil
cheaper ethanol reduces the demand of oil and the price of oil
.
Reduce fossil fuel imports–
The use of ethanol can reduce the use of gasoline.
 A reduction in the use of gasoline reduces some of the depen
dence on unstable foreign sources of oil.
Reduce the poverty rate
Most ethanol plants are in rural communities, and ethanol pro
duction increases jobs due to plant construction, operations, a
nd maintenance

21. CONTI….
Rise in farm land value
High demand of corn leads to a rise in farm land values.
Health benefits
Health benefits from reduced global warming
More efficient use than gasoline and protect vehicles
Ethanol can help prevent engine knocking, and it increases gasolin
e's lubricity.
Low adoption cost
Ethanol provides lower vehicle emissions without the need to purch
ase a hybrid vehicle

22. CONTI….
Social‐Economics problems
Increasing in water price –
more water are used for crop and less for people, create water shortage
.
Soil Degradation
With the increase in demand for alternative energy sources, demand for
agricultural land could increase.
 Increase demand for biofuel derived from cash crops such as
sugarcane, sugar beet, maze could result in major changes to current
land use.