Strawberry production in world A Book Written by Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Specialist KPK Pakistan

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Straw Berry Production in Pakistan Author Allah Dad Khan Agriculture specialist KPK
Strawberry the World’s Healthiest Food by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture
Specialist KPK Pakistan
Author
Mr. Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
Peshawar
Pakistan

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Strawberry the World’s Healthiest Food by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture
Specialist KPK Pakistan
1. Strawberry Plant Etymology
There is some disagreement as to how the strawberry plant got its name. It is
generally accepted that the English word “strawberry” comes from the Old English
“streawberige” or the Anglo-Saxon “streoberie” (sometimes also spelled
“strawberries”). Regardless, it was not spelled in the modern fashion until about
1538. It is likely that the straw that was traditionally used as mulch and to keep the
weeds out and berries clean gave rise to the name. However, some argue that the
straw-like appearance of the strawberry plant runners led to its current English
name.
The genus name under which the strawberry falls, Fragaria, derives from the Latin
word for strawberry, “fraga.” And, “fraga” itself is a derivative of “fragum,” which
means “fragrant” and accurately characterizes the olfactory sensation that
characterizes freshly plucked strawberry fruits!
2. Origin of strawberry
Prior to the relatively recent development of F. X ananassa, wood strawberries (F.
vesca) and Musky strawberries (F. moschata) were cultivated in Europe and Russia
for centuries.
Though strawberries have ancient origins, most of the earliest varieties were small,
hard, and inedible. In ancient Greece, for example, strawberries grew wild. The
Romans didn’t pay much attention to the fruit either, though they believed it
symbolized the love goddess Venus on account of its shape and color. A few healers
during this century prescribed strawberries to treat a range of ailments from fainting,
liver ailments, to bad breath.
The fruit continued growing relatively unnoticed, and the earliest illustration of the
berry was in 1454. It was only until 1750 that the best known strawberry cultivar
came about by sheer accident: According to the book, “Plant Evolution and the
Origin of Crop Species,” a variant from Chile was placed next to a North American

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variant in a European home garden. The result was the delicious variety enjoyed by
millions today.
3. History of strawberry
Strawberries that were originally grown in northern parts of Europe were also found
in different parts of Russia, Chile and United States. Strawberries are also thought to
have been cultivated in ancient Rome in large scale for medicinal purposes. During
the 13th century, France also cultivated strawberries for its medicinal purpose. The
roots, fruits and leaves of Alpine strawberry were widely used in these countries to
make medicine that were used to cure digestive problems and skin diseases. Berry
was used internally to cure diarrhea. Its leaves and roots were used for gout. Over
the years strawberries were used for treating skin rashes, sun burn, discoloration of
teeth and digestive disorders. In 13th century, strawberry was widely used as an
aphrodisiac.
Strawberry is found in different parts of the world and this heart-shaped fruit of love
had been mentioned by the Roman Poets Virgil and Ovid in the first century and in
England gardeners had cultivated strawberries since the sixteenth century
Strawberries have grown wild for millennia in temperature regions throughout the
world. While cultivation of strawberries doesn't date back this far, it still dates back
hundreds and hundreds of years.
It was not until the 18th century, however, when cultivation of strawberries began to
be pursued in earnest. In 1714, a French engineer sent to Chile and Peru to monitor
Spanish activities in these countries "discovered" a strawberry native to this region
that was much larger than those grown in Europe. He brought many samples back to
France, which were subsequently planted. These plants did not originally flourish
well until a natural crossbreeding occurred between this species and a neighboring
North American strawberry variety that was planted nearby in the field. The result
was a hybrid strawberry that was large, juicy and sweet, and one that quickly grew in
popularity in Europe.
The strawberry, like many other perishable fruits at this time, remained a luxury item
only enjoyed by the wealthy until the mid-19th century. Once railways were built and
more rapid means of transportation established, strawberries were able to be
shipped longer distances and were able to be enjoyed by more people. Today, using
a commonplace, layperson's definition of the word "berry," the strawberry has
become the most popular berry fruit in the world. (In technical scientific terms, this
distinction would go to bananas, since their seeds and pulp produced from a single
ovary, and that characteristic is used to classify berries versus non-berries. In fact,
when considered from a technical scientific standpoint, strawberries are not berries

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at all, but rather "accessory fruits" in which the delicious substance that we eat is not
directly produced from the ovary. But for most of us, despite these technical scientific
distinctions, strawberries count as some of the best berries ever!)
4. Botany of strawberry
The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae and the fruit of
these plants. There are more than 20 named species and many hybrids and
cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the
Garden strawberry, Fragaria ananassa..
Strawberries are low-growing herbaceous plants with a fibrous root system and a
crown from which arise basal leaves. The leaves are compound, typically with three
leaflets, saw tooth-edged, and usually hairy. The flowers, generally white, rarely
reddish, are borne in small clusters on slender stalks arising, like the surface-
creeping stems, from the axils of the leaves. As a plant ages, the root system
becomes woody, and the “mother” crown sends out runners (e.g., stolon’s) that
touch ground and root, thus enlarging the plant vegetatively. Botanically, the
strawberry fruit is considered an “accessory fruit” and is not a true berry. The flesh
consists of the greatly enlarged flower receptacle and is embedded with the many
true fruits, or achenes, which are popular
.
5. Importance of strawberry
The berries are non-fat and low in calories, rich in vitamin C, potassium, folic acid,
fiber, and vitamin B6. Over history the strawberries have been used in medicines.
They have been used for sunburn, discolored teeth, digestion, and gout. As far back
as the 13th century, the Strawberry was used as ananaphrodisiac. Strawberry,
Fragaria ananasa is known as the most delicious and refreshing fruit. Strawberry,
which has great dietetic value, is one of the potential sources of vitamin C, protein,

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fates and carbohydrates; according to agriculture experts. Strawberry culture is quite
profitable for small land owners. The strawberry fruit is soft and perishable and its
quality is affected when it touches the soil The fruit is commercially consumed both
in fresh form and can be preserved for making Jam, Jellies and squashes that can
be used in off-season.
6. Aggregate Fruit
Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy
part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from thereceptacle that holds the
ovaries.[4] Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one
of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it.
7. Fruit cluster.
Primary berries are not only the largest and first to ripen; they have the most seeds.
Secondary berries ripen next and are the next largest in size. Tertiary berries ripen
still later and are the third largest. Quaternary berries are the smallest (generally
unmarketable) and ripen last . Development of the fruit from open blossom to
ripeness takes 20 to 30 days, depending on weather conditions.
8.The Anatomy of a Strawberry Plant
As with any biological organism, the anatomy of a strawberry plant can be quite
complex, depending on how deeply you delve into the microscopic world. For the
sake of this page, a basic overview is presented.
There are five basic anatomical structures that make up a strawberry plant’s being.
They are the leaf, root system, crown, stolon (more commonly called a “runner”), and
daughter strawberry plant. See the labeled strawberry plant picture below:

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9. Ten Strawberry top Producing Countries in world 2016
Rank Area Production (Int $1000) Production (MT)
1 United States of America 1855196 1366850
2 Mexico 489198 360426
3 Turkey 479354 353173
4 Spain 393475 289900
5 Egypt 328864 242297
6 Republic of Korea 260787 192140
7 Japan 251096 185000
8 Russian Federation 236166 174000
9 Germany 211502 155828
10 Poland 203796 150151
10. Highest strawberry producing country in the world

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United States of America has topped in the list of strawberry producing countries on
the planet around 1,312,000 tons yearly creation. These have cancer prevention
agents which decrease the impact of infections on human body. It creates 27 percent
strawberries of the entire world. Mexico, Turkey, Spain, Egypt, Republic of Korea
and Japan have additionally the big part in world strawberry production.
11. Strawberry Production in Pakistan
Strawberry is well-known as the most appetizing and very nutritive fruit. According to
agricultural experts, it has enormous dietetic value and one of the potential sources
of protein, carbohydrates, fats and vitamin. In Pakistan, it is consumed in fresh form
as well as in processed form for making squashes, jams and jellies which may use
throughout the year.
Main varieties of strawberry which are cultivated in Pakistan are Douglas and Toro
appropriate for southern areas of Pakistan whereas Chandler, Cruz Pocahontas and
Tufts are suitable for Islamabad and Honeyo, Chandler, Gorella and Corona are
recommended for Swat however It is mainly growing in northern areas of the country
like Swat, Charsadda, Mansehra, Haripur, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and some
parts of central and south Pakistan like Gujrat, Sialkot, Jhelum, Chakwal, Multan and
Karachi.
12. Wild Strawberry in Pakistan

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Wild straw berry are growing in the hills of Gilgit, Chitral, Kaghan, Kohitan,
Mansehra, Battagram, Shangla, Dir Malakand, Abbott bad, Murree and Kashmir.
Fragaria vesca plants grow to around 0.3 m (1 ft) high, short, woody stems and a
basal rosette of compound leaves, with 3 coarsely toothed leaflets around 6
cm (2.5 in) long. The plants are characterized by long arching runners or stolon,
which form new plantlets at the tip, and that allow them to reproduce vegetatively as
well as by seed. The small, white, 5-parted flowers, 1.25 to 2 cm (0.5 to 0.75 in),
occur in small clusters. The strawberries formed in the wild, uncultivated types
are quite small, 1 to 2 cm (0.25 to 0.75 in) across, and generally ripen to
red (although there is a white form).
13 .A study about Nutrition
A study by Dr. Gene Spiller from Nutrition and Health Research Center has shown
that eating one serving (about 8-10 strawberries) a day can significantly decrease
blood pressure, which may reduce the risk of heart disease. Pakistan is producing a
limited quantity of strawberries which are either eaten or used in preparing ice-
cream, jam, jelly, pickle, cake or milk shake.
Strawberries are no exception to this rule; in addition to antioxidants, they have
many other nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to overall health. These
include folate, potassium, manganese, dietary fiber, and magnesium. It is also
extremely high in vitamin C Together; these components are responsible for the
overwhelming health benefits of strawberries. Let’s explore them in more detail in the
section below.
14.Nutritional Analysis
Nutritional composition (per 100 gram edible portion
Strawberry
Water (%) 90
Calories 37
Protein (%) 1.4

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Fat (%) 0.7
Carbohydrates (%) 8
Crude fiber (%) 1.5
% of US RDA*
Vitamin A 1.2
Thiamin, B1 2.1
Riboflavin, B2 4.4
Niacin 3.3
Vitamin C 131
Calcium 2.6
Phosphorus 2.6
Iron 10
Sodium <1
Potassium 3.5
15. Health Benefits of strawberry
1. Prevent Esophageal Cancer: Research shows that within six months,
drinking water mixed with freeze-dried strawberry powder has been able to
significantly reduce 80% of developing cancer cells within the esophagus’s
of rats, and is projected to have consistent results in human esophageal
cancer as well.
2. Combat Arthritis and Gout: Filled with antioxidants and detoxifying
agents, strawberries can efficiently aid to eradicate inflammatory diseases
such as arthritis and gout forever. This fruit has compounds, which relieve
pain and inflammation associated with these ailments caused by free
radicals that exist within the body. A recent study depicted that women who
ate more 16 or more strawberries per week had much lower inflammation
levels. They were also 14% less likely to have elevated levels of C-reactive
protein (CRP) within their blood, which indicates high inflammation.
3. Healthy Digestion & Stored Fat Burning: Since they are filled with fiber,
strawberries maintain regularity and clarify the intestines. Anthocyanins,
the red-hued antioxidant in strawberries, cause stored fat to be burned
much quicker than compared to ingesting foods without it. Nitrate, also

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present in this super fruit, encourages oxygen and the flow of blood within
the body; this in turn inspires weight loss.
4. Packed With Folic Acid: These super berries provide your body with
folate, an essential type of folic acid found within food. Without a sufficient
amount of this B vitamin, you may be susceptible to conditions such as
vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and a decline in cognitive function.
5. Promote Bone Health: Strawberries contain potassium, magnesium,
vitamin K and which are important for strengthening your bones.
6. Lower Cardiovascular Disease: Flavonoids reduce our risk of for heart
disease and hypertension by lowering LDL cholesterol. A study shows that
those who eat three or more servings of these berries were able to
decrease their risk of a heart attack by 32%.
7. Huge Immune System Boost: Strawberries have a surplus of Vitamin C
(about 113% of recommended daily intake) which is more than enough of
that your body needs to reap the benefits. When consuming vitamin C
during stressful situations, it actually has the ability to decrease blood
pressure to a normal level, preventing the development of hypertension.
8. Increase Brain Function: Free radicals are to blame when it comes to
signs of aging and many other problems within the human body. They
specifically cause brain tissue to decline and neurotransmitters to become
much weaker. However, vitamin C and phytonutrients in strawberries
counteract some of these conditions when ingested regularly. Iodine, which
is another nutrient strawberry is abundant in, maintains proper nervous
system and brain function. Anthocyanins also have the ability to improve
short-term memory drastically.
9. Wrinkle Eliminator: Along with biotin, which is necessary in maintaining
durable hair and nails, strawberries also contain the antioxidant ellagic
acid, which defends flexible fibers in our skin and allows it to appear
youthful.
10.Battle High Blood Pressure: Potassium, a vasodilator, and magnesium
efficiently reduce high blood pressure, which can be spiked by sodium
intake among other risk factors such as diet. Consuming strawberries

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regularly not only helps prevent hypertension, but also maintains healthy
oxygen levels by enabling consistent blood flow throughout the body.
11.Eye Care: The primary reasons for almost all problems related to the eyes
are free radicals or a deficiency of certain nutrients. With increased age
and a lack of these protective nutrients, the harmful oxidants or free
radicals can cause heavy damage on our eyes, such as excessively dry
eyes, degeneration of the optical nerves, macular degeneration, vision
defects and increased susceptibility to infections as well.
12.Strawberry a great source of fibre. Strawberries are high in fibre, which
is important for moving food through your digestive system and
helping bowel movements. This can help improve digestion, especially for
those with constipation or irregular stools.
13.Straw berry have more than enough vitamin C. Strawberries contain
more than 100 percent of our daily recommended intake of vitamin C in just
one cup. Recent studies show that when vitamin C is consumed during
times of stress, it actually has the ability to decrease our blood pressure to
a normal level, preventing the development of hypertension — especially
in kids
14.Strawberry are high in antioxidants. Strawberries contain anthrocyanin,
which is a powerful antioxidant that protects us from the damaging effects
of our environment, especially the sun. The antioxidant power of the
anthrocyanins found in strawberries lasts up to 24 hours after consumption;
this makes them a great defense against free radical damage.
15.Anti-pigmentation:
Strawberry fruit extract, being rich in ellagic acid, helps to lighten
hyperpigmentation caused by UV rays by inhibiting the synthesis of
melanin, the chemical that imparts color to your skin.
16.Anti-acne:
Being rich in Vitamin C, Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA), salicylic acid and
flavonoids, strawberry is effective in clearing acne and reducing oil. All you
need to do is mash ½ cup of sliced strawberries with 1 tablespoon sour

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cream and apply it on your face for 10 minutes. This will clear the acne as
well as blemishes.
17. Weight Loss: Strawberries are low in sugar, calories and sodium, and
fat-free. The natural sugars contained in strawberries are extremely low
with 4 grams per serving. They also contain nitrates which promote blood
flow and oxygen throughout the body, resulting in weight loss. Nitrates
also prevent the muscles from becoming too tired after exercise.
16. Fruit formation in strawberry
The strawberry is an accessory fruit, since the edible portion is non-ovarian in origin
(it is largely swollen receptacle tissue). The true fruits which contain the seed of the
strawberry are achenes, which are similar to tiny sunflower seeds. The achenes are
the numerous, tiny, ellipsoid specks that cover the fruit surface. Fruit mature rapidly;
ripening occurs in 20 to 50 days after pollination.
18.Value-added products of strawberry
Strawberry is a very versatile fruit is used in many delicious drinks, desserts, juice,
smoothies, sundaes, shortcake, ice-cream, strawberry cheese cake, jam and a host
of other mouthwatering combinations that stimulate the senses
Strawberries lend themselves to purees, jams, concentrates, pastries, yogurt, and
other processed commodities. Local specialty products offer potential for niche
marketing, especially where there is access to tourists or a large population center.
19. Agro-climatic requirements
Strawberry grows well under temperate climate. Some cultivars can be grown in sub-
Tropical climate. Daylight period of 12 hrs. or less and moderate temperature are
important for flower-bud formation. Each cultivar has a different day length and
Temperature requirement.Strawberry thrives best in temperate climate. It is a short
day plant, which requires exposure to about 10 days of less than 8 hours sunshine
for initiation of flowering. In winter, the plants do not make any growth and remain
dormant. The exposure to low temperature during this period helps in breaking

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Dormancy of the plant. In spring when the days become longer and
he temperature rises. The plants resume growth and begin flowering. The varieties
Grown in milder subtropical climate do not require chilling and continue to make
some growth during winter Sandy loam to loamy soil with pH 5.7-6.5 is ideal for
Cultivation. At higher pH root formation is poor. The presence of excessive calcium
in the soil causes yellowing of the leaves. In light soils and in those rich in organic
matter, runner formation is better. Strawberry should not be cultivated in the same
land for a number of years. It is preferable to plant it in green manure field. Alkaline
soils and soils infected with nematodes should be avoided.
20.Temperature
Day-neutral strawberries will flower and set strawberries whenever the temperature
is in the range of 200C to 290C (350F to 850F). 290C is considered the upper limit
at which day- neutral strawberries will produce flowers. When temperatures descend
gradually the plant can tolerate even temperatures as low as -60C (210F), but it will
die when temperatures fall to -120C (100F). When flowers are developing at sub-
optimal temperatures they will develop in an irregular manner, with a much lower
number of stamen, and those that are existent will produce markedly less pollen.
When the temperature falls under 100C, the existent pollen will fail to
germinate, so the productivity of these plants will be decimated in that season.
Because strawberries bloom very early in the spring, plantings should not be located
In topographic frost pockets. Where cold air drainage is limited, the crop may be lost
to late spring frosts, which can kill the flowers. Installation of frost control measures
may need to be considered.
Descending temperatures are one of the stimuli (together with shortening day length)
pushing the differentiation of the plant apices towards its reproductive phase
(production of flowers), while ascending temperatures push the differentiation of the
plant apices towards its vegetative phase (production of stolons).

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21.Relative humidity (RH)
Development and spread of powdery mildew is favored by moderate to high relative
humidity and temperatures of about 150C to 270C (600F to 800F). Unlike most other
fungi that cause plant disease, powdery mildew does not require free water for
spores to germinate and infect. In dry years, when most other diseases are not a
problem, powdery mildew can represent a very serious danger.
Development of Angular leaf spot (bacterial blight) is favored by moderate to cool
daytime temperatures around 200C (680F), a low night-time temperature (near or just
below freezing), and high relative humidity. High RH also has a deleterious effect on
the opening of the pollen sacs of the stamen. It is highly important, therefore, to
enable good aeration of the plants growing in protected structures during the
flowering season.
22. Soil Requirement for strawberry
Sandy loam or light clay soils are best. There should be no heavy clay or rock within
300 mm of the surface. On sandy soils, it is difficult to maintain the supply of water
and nutrients the plants need. Heavy clay soils stay too wet after rain, increasing the
risk of disease and reducing yields.
23. Soil salinity and alkalinity
Strawberry plants are extremely sensitive to salinity, especially at the transplant
stage. Highly alkaline soils can occur in bands or patches throughout a field. This
can cause yellowing or chlorosis of the plants, a condition that can lead to significant
yield losses or complete plant die-back
24. Soil surface drainage
The surface drainage system must permit water to move away from the field quickly
and completely. Water standing on the strawberry field for even a day or two will
injure plants, especially during the intensive growth period.
25. Internal soil drainage
Poorly drained sites should be avoided. On sites with certain contours, such as dips,
ridges and slopes, poor drainage can cause "yellowing" in strawberries. This
condition can significantly reduce yields. On sites where drainage is a problem, the
use of clay- or plastic-drainage tile could be considered. Raised beds, 20 cm (8
inches) high and 30 cm to 60 cm (2 to 3 feet) wide are recommended and should be
maintained over the life of the planting. Application of perlite and working it into the
soil will enhance good drainage.

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26. Terrain slope
Strawberries should ideally be planted on slightly inclined slopes, especially if they
face east or south-east (in the northern hemisphere).Strawberries require cultivation,
so avoid planting them on steep slopes. Plantings on 10% to15% slopes are likely to
erode, with some plants being buried and others washed out of the soil. If sloping
sites must be used, run rows across the slope or on the contour and use a wide row
width.
27. Previous and neighboring crops
Strawberries should not be planted in soils where strawberries, raspberries, vine
crops, alfalfa, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, beans, carrot, okra or sod
have been grown in any of the previous four years, unless the soil has been
fumigated. Such sites are likely to contain disease and insect pests that may attack
plants. The fungus diseases black root rot and verticillium wilt, which have attacked
the above crops, build up in the soil. These diseases reduce the productivity of
strawberry plants. Likewise, sites that are heavily infested with sedge, nutgrass,
quackgrass, Johnson grass, and thistles should be avoided or treated prior to
planting to destroy these chronic weeds. Fumigation should be considered if a long-
term rotation that excludes the host crops is not feasible.
Sites surrounded by natural bush stands may contain native strawberry plants.
These plants can harbor insects, diseases and viral pathogens that may infect
cultivated strawberry stands. To maintain good sanitation, it may be necessary to kill
native strawberry stands within 400 m (1,300 feet) of commercial strawberry fields.
28. Land Selection
Strawberries can be grown on a variety of soils. Choose a well-drained site that
receives plenty of sun and is close to an irrigation source. The slope of the site
should be no greater than 12 percent. The term "well drained" refers to drainage
through the soil profile. A sloping site is not necessarily well drained. Strawberries
need at least 8 hours of full sun each day.
The land with high organic matter having pH 5.5 to 6.0. Silty Loam land would be the
best land for strawberry cultivation
29. Land Preparation

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The soil is ploughed during summer with a soil turning plough which is followed by
repeated ploughing to make soil friable, remove weeds and stubbles. Soil fumigation
with a mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin helps to increase root system,
reduce fertilizer requirement and control the weeds
30. Plant right.
Be sure to set the plants so that their roots are well covered with soil but the central
growing bud, or crown, is exposed to light and fresh air. This is very important: If you
bury the crown, the plant could easily rot. Follow spacing guidelines found on the
plant’s stick tag. After planting, water well and add mulch. Any type of mulch – from
black plastic to pine straw to shredded leaves – will help keep the soil moist and the
plants clean.
31.Varieties cultivated
Strangely, strawberry varieties have origins all over the world. Some come from the
Himalayas; others from Europe. Other types have points of origin from Japan, China,
North America, and the Kurile Islands.
Important strawberry varieties cultivated in Pakistan are Chandler,pajaro,
Cardinal , Noor, Duglus, , Tuftus, Karoz, , commander, corona
Chandler
Fruit is of exceptionally high dessert quality with outstanding color and flavour. It is
very resistant to physical damages caused by rain. Plants are tolerant to
viruses. Fruits are large, flesh and skin firm and flavour excellent. It is suitable for
fresh market and processing. On an average, berry weights 15-18 g. The fruits
have good TSS (12%), acidity (0.85%), vitamin C (55.5mg/100g) and sugar content
(6.1%).

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Pajaro
It is very successful under summer system. Plant tolerant to virus. Fruit has good
dessert and processing quality. Fruit is quite susceptible to physical damage caused
by rain. Fruits large flesh very firm, skin firm, red color, average berry weighs 7.6g,
TSS 12.2%, acidity 0.97% and sugars 5.5%
Douglas' has a sweet-tart flavor as well as a solid texture that makes it good for
shipping.
Cardinal Strawberries
Cardinal strawberry plants produce very large fruits. Additionally, Cardinal
strawberries are very sweet, making them a favorite item on any table. Cardinal
strawberry plants are June-bearing, and they produce their harvest over the span of
2 to 3 weeks during Midseason . The best time to pick Cardinal strawberries is after
the very tip of the fruit has turned red. At this point, the strawberry will be red
throughout with full flavor.
At maturity, Cardinal strawberries are red and firm with a glossy appearance. They
are excellent for processing, very good for freezing, good for fresh eating, and fair as
a shipping berry in a commercial operation. Cardinal strawberry plants produce a
high yield. This characteristic along with its taste and firmness make Cardinal
strawberries one of the ideal choices for pick-your-own or U-pick farm.
Good runner production. Moderately resistant to powdery mildew (Podosphaera
aphanis) but susceptible to wilt (Verticillium dahliae) and crown rot (Phytophthora
cactorum).
Planting
32 .Planting of strawberry
Ordinarily, strawberries are propagated from runner plants grown by large
commercial growers. The sale of runner plants is frequently a sideline business
which supplements the main income from
the fruit. The best strawberry transplants
are less than a year old.
A good transplant should have an
extensive fibrous root system, seven or
eight inches in length. This type of root
system usually develops best in rather
loose sandy soil. Such soil also facilitates

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digging the plants and cleaning the roots for packaging
Season
Sowing was undertaken during the first week of November. The roots of the runner
should be dipped in fungicides solution
34. Transplanting.
Strawberry plants may be set by mechanical transplanters or by hand. Soil should be
worked to a depth of 6 to 8 inches before planting and should contain adequate
moisture. If plants are not in plastic bags, the roots must be kept moist. White,
secondary roots are killed in less than a minute in hot, dry air. Therefore, it is best to
plant on a cool, cloudy, still day, if possible. Plants should be soaked in water prior to
transplanting to insure the best water status for establishment. Mechanical vegetable
transplanters increase the speed of planting when more than an acre of plants are to
be set. Special care should be taken to insure that plants are set at the proper depth
(Figure 4). Do not bend or twist roots during planting. Transplanters may set plants
better when roots are trimmed to 5 to 6 inches and a deep furrow is opened. It is
important to have one person follow the planter to insure that plants are set correctly
and to fill in any that are missing.
33 .Planting

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35. Plant at the Right Depth
Most strawberry plants are sold as crowns; a mop of roots attached to a central
growing tip. You can find potted strawberry plants, but they’ll be much more expensive
than crowns and you won’t gain any time by planting them.It’s very important that the
crown be planted slightly above the soil line. For each plant, dig a hole 2 - 3 in. deep
and wide enough to allow the roots to be fanned out in a circle. Then mound the soil in
the center of the hole so that the crown is sitting just above the soil level.Fill the hole
and then water it well. Soil has a tendency to sink as it settles, so check that the crown
is still above the soil surface level. If not, make adjustments and plant the rest of the
plants a bit higher.
36. Care of young Plantation
The roots of strawberry plants spread out close to the surface. Therefore, the soil
should be well supplied with moisture, and hoeing should be done lightly and young
plantation be kept weed free.
37. Thinning Plants.

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For best production, do not have too many plants in the rows. A heavy plant stand
should be dimmed enough to allow newly formed plants to be about 5 to 6 inches
apart. Extensive hand thinning is not practical on large plantings.
38. Pinch the Blooms
Pinch off any blooms that form during the first growing season. This allows the plant
to focus its energy on developing runners. A runner is a shoot that grows out from
the main plant and develops into a second plant. This creates a thick, vigorous row
of strawberry plants.
39. Method of Planting (Spacing)
Strawberries in the ground should be planted in double rows with soil mounded into
raised beds the cultivation was taken on a ridge. The distance between rows was
two feet to two and half feet and plant to plant it was 4-6 inches. Total plant
population maintained was 35,000 per acre.
40. Inter-cropping
Fruit growers often find it economically beneficial to grow strawberries between the
rows of young fruit trees until they become of bearing age. Such intercropping is well
justified so long as the strawberries do not interfere with the culture of the tree fruits,
which represent a much greater investment.
Usually it is not wise to plant strawberries closer than six to eight feet to tree fruits.
Otherwise they are likely to interfere with cultural operations for the trees and may

21
compete for water and nutrient materials in the soil. Often the trees suffer more than
the strawberries.
41.Mulching
Mulching is necessary in June bearing varieties to protect flower buds from
temperatures below 15' F and to protect crowns from heaving damage. A three- to
five-inch layer of straw mulch be applied after a few hard frosts, usually in late
November or early December
.
42. Frost Protection/Winterizing
Keep in mind, however, that strawberry growers tend to over emphasize the
importance of fertilizers and underestimate the importance of water. Yields are more
frequently reduced from lack of water, poor soil drainage, and poor soil physical
properties than from a lack of fertilizer.
43 .Flowering time

22
Flowering starts depending upon the season and time of sowing in the month of
February and March it has been observed the bee hives are increasing the cross
pollination and increase production .It takes 30 to 30 days from flowering to fruiting
depending on variety and season
44.Pollinaion
Strawberry is mostly self-pollinated, and under field conditions, self-pollination is
supplemented with natural agents like wind, honey bees, and other insects.
1. Let the insects do the work for you.
This is actually the best method of strawberry pollination. Insects, especially bees,
will find and pollinate strawberry flowers quite effectively. Planting your strawberry
patch where it will receive the most attention from the creepy-crawly-flying thingies is
a great idea. Remember, the more pollination that occurs, the bigger your
strawberries and your overall yield. What is fascinating is that insect diversity
actually matters. Domesticated honey bees will focus their fertilization on the top of
the flower while wild species of bees typically fertilize more heavily around the base
of the flower. Each fly or butterfly or beetle that comes sniffing around will also
fertilize the strawberry (albeit less effectively) by spreading pollen around. In short,
insect diversity matters. You want the biggest and best strawberries? Let the bugs
flock forth to do their strawberry pollination.

23
2. Let the wind do it.
Even gentle breezes are sufficient to transfer the pollen a few millimeters from
stamen to pistil. So, even in the absence of bugs (like an a hydroponic set up or a
bug-free window sill), strawberry pollination can still occur. However, wind or
breezes often won’t do a great job. So, you will probably end up with fertilized
strawberries (at least a few), but you might be disappointed with the overall haul.
3. You do it.
The tiny motes of pollen that can be found on the stamens of strawberry flowers are
not picky. Being as small and light as they are, they are transferred around rather
easily. Brushing the outer edge of flower with your finger (gently!) to move pollen
into the center of the flower is an easy and quick way to pollinate your
strawberries. More effective is using a fibrous or small-bristled utensil to
brush/collect pollen from multiple flowers and “paint” them onto the pistils of multiple
flowers. A makeup brush, fine-bristled paint brush, or a q-tip that has the cotton
teased out on one end all will work.
Benefits of Strawberry Pollination
1. Heavy pollination increases the overall yield of strawberry plants.
2. Cross pollination leads to decreased deformations and an overall higher-quality
aesthetic.
3. Cross pollination results in larger overall strawberries than self-pollination or
same-variety pollination. Remember, insect diversity also matters. Get as many
good bugs to visit your plants as possible!
4. Natural strawberry pollination increases commercial viability also. Bee pollination
results in brighter and redder berries, which are more pleasing to customers. Natural
pollination also improves quality by reducing spoilage. To quantify, studies show
that bee pollination results in 39% greater value than wind pollination and a
whopping 54% greater value than self-pollination.

24
45. Soil Testing.
A soil test should be made at least a year in advance of planting to determine the
soil acidity (lime requirement), nutrient levels, and nematode populations. If lime is
required to raise the soil pH to 6.0 to 6.5 before planting, it should be applied 1 year
in advance. Other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be
applied prior to planting
46. Fertilizing Strawberry Plants
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other soil nutrients are required for vigorous
crown and runner development. Soil tests will identify the nutrient needs. Generally
phosphorus, potassium, and part of the nitrogen should be applied at or before
planting. On most soils and under most conditions strawberry plants will be benefited
by the application of commercial fertilizers, particularly by nitrogen, during the first
growing season
47. Controlling Weeds
Weeds must be kept down in the strawberry bed but any hoeing must be very
shallow to avoid root damage: it is better to use paraquat / diquat weed killer as
much as possible, being very careful not to let it touch the leaves of the strawberry
plants.
A weed eradication programme one year prior to planting is recommended if
perennial weeds are a problem. Herbicides, mechanical control methods, and a
green manure smother crop can be used effectively. Consult herbicide labels to
avoid potential carry-over problems for the new strawberry planting. Preplan
harrowing of a prepared field will reduce weed populations.
48. Water Requirements for Growing Strawberries
Sprinkler irrigation is crucial to prevent frost damage in June bearing varieties after
the mulch is removed in early spring. Irrigate whenever the air temperature drops
below 34' F. Apply 0. 1 inch of water per hour with one sprinkler head revolution per
minute. Sprinkler irrigation should protect flowers and developing fruit down to 20' F.
Spring frost protection is unnecessary during the planting year in day-neutral
strawberries because the flowers are usually removed until the danger of frost is

25
past. Frost protection may, however, be desired in the fall to extend the harvest
season. Day-neutral strawberries require more careful irrigation and water
management than June-bearing strawberries, especially on raised beds. During the
summer apply 0.75 to 1.5 inches of water per week depending on the weather, soil
type, and effectiveness of mulch in preventing evaporation. Use trickle irrigation with
plastic mulch to ensure sufficient water in the root zone. Overhead irrigation may be
used with straw or other organic mulches. Fertilizer can be applied through the
irrigation system. Higher levels of certain nutrients such as nitrogen may be needed
if trickle irrigation is used because of increased leaching through the soil profile
32
49. Protecting Your Growing Strawberries
A. Insects of strawberries
i) Root-feeding Pests
The most common root-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois include the strawberry
crown borer, Tyloderma fragariae, the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus
ovatus, and white grubs in the genus Phyllophaga. Other below ground pests,
including the strawberry rootworm, Paria fragariae and strawberry root aphid, Aphis
forbesi, are rarely economically important in Illinois. Although the crown borer, root
weevil and grubs are all members of the insect order Coleoptera (the beetle and
weevils) their life histories differ considerably
1.Strawberry Crown Borer (Tyloderma fragariae)
These strawberry plant pests are about 1/5 of an inch long and have three spots on
their wing covers. They are flightless weevils that feed on strawberry plant crowns to
open holes, into which they then lay their eggs through the middle of June. The
hatched larva will bore into the crowns causing damage to the growing strawberry
plant. The grubs will form a pupa and subsequently become a weevil to feed on the
plant’s leaves.

26
2.Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus)
Root weevils are about 1/3 of an inch long and have wing covers distinguished by
many rows of small pits. Adult weevils will lay eggs into the soil. Hatched larvae will
burrow through the soil and feed on the roots and crowns of a nearby strawberry
plant causing damage or death. The adult weevils will feed on the leaves.
3.White Grubs (Phyllophaga)

27
White grubs range from 1/2 to 1 inch and eventually become the large May or June
beetles (also called “June bugs”) common to many parts of the United States. The
grubs burrow into the soil and overwinter twice before taking beetle form.
Consequently, the grubs can do damage to the roots of strawberry plants for multiple
years as they feed.
ii) Foliage-feeding Pests
The foliage-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois include leafrollers (strawberry
leafroller and others), the strawberry rootworm and two mite species—the two-
spotted spider mite and the cyclamen mite. This summary reviews the life histories of
these pests and the practices that can be used for their management.
1.Strawberry Rootworm (Paria fragariae)
Adult beetles are shiny, oval-shaped, dark brown to black, about 1/3 of an inch long,
and display four blotches on their wing covers. Adults feed on the leaves through
early fall and can cover strawberry plant foliage with holes. The larvae burrow into
the soil and feed on the roots
2. Strawberry Root Aphid (Aphis forbesi)
Also known as the strawberry root louse, this small strawberry plant pest is about 1
mm in length, has a oval and dark bluish-green body, and has a yellowish head.
They feed on the roots and crowns of strawberry plants and can be quite numerous if
infestation occurs.

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3. Strawberry Leaf rollers (Ancylis comptana fragariae)
The adult moths emerge in April or May to lay their eggs on the strawberry plant,
usually on the underside of the leaflets. The translucent eggs then hatch and the
larvae feed on the epidermis of the leaves, secreting silk threads as they go to tie the
leaflets together. Other species of leaf rollers also feed on the strawberry plant, but
none of them usually cause significant damage to the overall strawberry planting.
4.Strawberry Mites (Tetranychus urticae and Steneotarsonemus pallidus)

29
The two-spotted spider mite and the cyclamen mite can wreak havoc on strawberry
plants. The spider mites damage leaf surfaces in order to feed on sap, while the
cyclamen mites feed on new, unfolding leaves and blossoms. Both will cause leaf
death and drop, and the cyclamen mite causes distorted fruits.
iii) Flower and Fruit-feeding Pests
The common flower and fruit-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois are the
strawberry clipper, the tarnished plant bug, the strawberry sap beetle and slugs. In
1994 the eastern flower thrips, an insect that rarely causes significant losses in
strawberries, appears to have caused severe damage to the crop .
1.Strawberry Clipper (Anthonomus signatus)
Also known as the strawberry weevil, these pests are about 1/10 of an inch long,
dark reddish-brown, and have a long and slender, curved snout. The adults feed on
pollen inside the almost-mature flower, subsequently laying an egg inside the flower.
They then girdle the bud to prevent opening and clip the stem so that it hangs or falls
to the ground.
2.Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)

30
Also known as the Lygus bug, these strawberry plant pests are about 1/4 of an inch
long and are distinguished by a yellow “V” marking on their back just behind the
head. In the spring they feed on strawberry plant flowers which results in disfigured
and knobby strawberries. The feeding by Tarnished plant bugs is one of the causes
of irregularly-shaped, catfaced strawberries. The insects damage fruit by puncturing
and then sucking the contents of individual seeds; which stops development of the
berry in the area surrounding the feeding site
3.Slugs (Agriolimax and Arion species)
Slugs are very damaging garden pests that can be found throughout the country,
most likely in moist and humid climates. Your garden is likely to have more slugs
during a particularly rainy season.
Slugs are not insects, rather, they are soft-bodied mollusks. Slugs never change,
because they are members of the phylum Mollusca, along with the giant squid, the
periwinkle, and the steamer clam. Unlike seagoing mollusks, the slug is equipped
with a single lung. Its shell is lacking or represented only by a small plate, but it does
not seem to mind.
Slugs are hermaphroditic, with each individual having both male and female
reproductive organs. As you would expect, their love life is complex. The common
gray garden slug dances an elaborate, hour-long nuptial waltz before mating, while
other species perform acrobatic movements while hanging suspended from threads
of slime
B.Birds
It’s hard to believe something could be more of a pest than snails and slugs, but birds
might just top them. They can clean out a bed in short order. The best way to avoid
this is to put some type of cover over the whole bed. You can use bird nettingor row
covers. Just make sure you don’t put it down while the plants are in flower or they
won’t be pollinated. Wait until you see the fruits starting to form.

31
Biological Control of straw berry Pests
Biological pest control is an important part of integrated pest management of
greenhouse strawberry pests. We use various species of beneficial insects to control
pests like the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypi), the green peach aphid
(Myzus persicae), the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranichus urticae), and the western
flowerthrips (Frankliniella occidentalis).

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Coleomegilla maculata (Ladybug beetle) adults and larvae (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are
used for controlling aphids and mites. C. maculata has a Life cycle of 18 days from
the egg to the adult stage and adult beetles can survive for 3-6 months. The larvae
can consume 10-15 aphids per day
Aphidius colemani (Parasitic wasp) adults (Syngenta Inc) parasitize aphids and
provide excellent control if released early in the season before the aphid populations
start increasing. Life cycle from the egg to adult stage is 14 days. Adults can live for
2-3 weeks and parasitize about 100-200 aphids per day.
Geocoris punctipes (Big-eyed bug) nymphs (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are used to control
aphids and mites. G. punctipes has a life cycle of 30 days from the egg to the adult
stage, and life span of adults is 2-4 months. They can consume about 10-15 aphids
and 45-50 mites per day.

33
Orius insidiosus (Insidiosus Flower Bug) adults (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are used to
control mites and thrips.O. insidiosus has a life cycle of 12 days from the egg to the
adult stage. Adults can survive for 35 days and can consume about 30 mites per
day.
Neoseiulus californicus (predatory mite) adults (Syngenta Inc.) feed on two-spotted
spider mite adults and eggs. Life cycle of N. californicus from the egg to adult stage
is 1-2 weeks and they can consume one adult and a few eggs per day.

34
Bacillus thurengiensis var. israelensis is applied every two weeks through the
fertilizer injectors for controlling fungus gnats.
C. Diseases of strawberries
There are quite a few diseases that affect strawberry plants. The strawberry plant’s
leaves, roots, and fruit are all susceptible to a variety of diseases, depending on the
resistance of the strawberry plant cultivar being considered. This is a summary of the
most common strawberry plant diseases:
1.Powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr. Fr.) Jacz. f.
sp. fragariae, Peries] infects strawberry flowers and fruits in all stages of
development and is especially severe in Florida from November through March.
A biofungicide called AQ-10 (Ampleomyces quisqualis) is used for controlling this
disease.

35
Birds Birds will inevitably get some of your berries. Plant more than you’ll need and
cover the area with close bird netting.
2. Red Stele Root Rot
A strawberry plant’s roots are damaged by red stele root rot (also known as
Lanarkshire disease). The disease is caused by a fungus living in the soil, and its
presence is confirmed in a strawberry plant that has a red core to its roots. The
fungus is particularly prevalent in the northern two-thirds of the United States. Heavy
clay soils with poor drainage that remain saturated with water during cool weather
are most at risk. The fungus that causes red stele root rot is Phytophthora fragariae,
and, once established, can remain alive for at least thirteen years (maybe longer),
regardless of crop rotation.
Control:
1. Avoid poorly drained soils, plant on raised beds
2. Plant resistant cultivars

36
3. Fungicide specific for Phytophthora (Ridomil or Aliette)
3.Strawberry Plant Leaf Spot
Leaf spot is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fragariae and manifests as dark
purple to reddish-purple spots on multiple parts of the strawberry plant. The round
spots are usually between 1/8 and 1/4 inches in diameter and most easily seen on
the leaves of an infected strawberry plant. However, the petioles, stolons, fruit stalks
(pedicels), and strawberry caps (calyxes), and ripe strawberries can also be infected.
The center of the spots eventually become almost white with tan or gray intermediate
steps. The parts of the strawberry plant affected by this disease are the young,
succulent ones.
Cultural Control
1. Select site with well drained soils.
2. Maintain good plant health.
3. Avoid water stress , winter injury and herbicide injury.
Chemical Control
1. Pre-plant soil fumigation is the only control

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4. Strawberry Plant Leaf Blight
The fungus Dendrophoma obscurans (also known as Phomopsis obscurans) causes
leaf blight, and it typically does its damage after harvest. One to six enlarging,
elliptical or angular blemishes will develop on the leaflets and growing up to one inch
in width. The spots begin with a reddish-purple color. As they enlarge, they develop
a dark brown center that is surrounded by a lighter brown area with a purplish
border. This fungus almost exclusively attacks weaker, slow-growing plants and
usually ignores youthful runner plants. Dendrophoma obscurans can also cause a
spreading, pink, soft rot at the stem end of a strawberry.
5. Strawberry Plant Leaf Scorch
Leaf scorch is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon earliana, which attacks the
strawberry plant’s leaves, calyxes, petioles, runners, and pedicels. In the early
stages, it looks like leaf spot. Later, the lesions develop black spots as the fungal
fruiting bodies are produced, but, unlike leaf spot, the centers of the lesions will
remain dark purple. Strawberry plant leaves with a severe infection will shrivel and
appear scorched. Rarely the fungus will infect green strawberries causing reddish
brown spots or flecks to be visible on the unripe fruit.
Control
1.Good resistance in many cultivars.
2.Fungicides spray if necessary

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6.Strawberry Gray Mold
If a strawberry plant is infected by gray mold, fruit production is likely to be
particularly devastated (expect 80-90% loss of both flowers and strawberries). It is
caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, and wreaks havoc during rainy and cloudy
periods just before or during harvest. Strawberries touching dirt, another infected or
rotting strawberry, or dead leaves in dense foliage are most commonly affected. The
fungus causes infections that manifest as soft, rapidly-growing spots that are light
brown in color. The fruit will dry out, darken, and become covered with a dust-like,
powdery layer of fungus spores, which gives the gray appearance.

39
Cultural Control
1. Good Sanitation (fungus survives in dead leaf material)
2. Management of vigor ( excess vigor leads to rank foliage and more disease pressure
3. Narrow rows on raised beds
4. Straw mulch prevents fruit from touching soil and becoming infected.
Chemical Control
1. Most infections occur at bloom and fruit rot occurs as fruit ripen.
Secondary spread of spores can lead to infections of ripening fruit.
2. Selected fungicides applied at bloom e.g., Elevate, Benlate, Topsin-
M pluscaptan or thiram
7.Strawberry Plant Leaf Variegation
Leaf variegation is a mysterious disease, and its cause is currently unknown. It also
goes by many other names, including: June yellows, spring yellows, chlorosis,
Blakemore yellows, and non-infectious variegation. The disease usually (but not
exclusively) occurs in strawberry plants that have Howard 17 (Premier), Blakemore,
or Auchincruive Climax cultivars in their plant ancestries. Affecting only flowers and
leaves, the disease manifests on new leaflets in the spring as yellow or white streaks
or spots and a puckering of the leaflet. While onset is unpredictable, the strawberry
plant will progressively manifest worsening symptoms until it dies two to three years
later as a dwarfed and unproductive shell of its former self.
8. Verticillium Wilt of the Strawberry Plant

40
Verticillium wilt is caused by a very common soil fungus called Verticillium alboatrum.
For new strawberry plantings, symptoms usually manifest as new runners are being
produced. Older plantings are usually affected just before harvest. Affected
strawberry plants will show different symptoms depending on the cultivar, and
affected plants must be tested for definitive diagnosis. The symptoms are not easily
distinguished from other strawberry plant root diseases or winter injury. Once
established, the fungus will likely survive for 25 years or more.
9.Leather Rot (Crown Rot) of the Strawberry
Leather rot (also known as crown rot) is caused by the fungus Phytophthora
cactorum and affects strawberries in poorly drained soils where there is or has been
standing water. Most commonly, the fungus causes brown areas or brown outlines to
form on green strawberries. The infected strawberries will have an unpleasant odor
and bitter taste. Mature strawberries that are infected may look completely normal
and taste terrible. Excessive rainfall in May, June, and July often create the optimal
conditions for this fungal infection.

41
Control
1.Avoidance is the best control.
2. Prevent fruit contact with soils by mulching with straw between the rows
10. Strawberry anthracnose
Anthracnose fruit rot appears as soft to firm brown to black spots on green fruit and
dark purple spots on ripe fruit. On ripe fruit the spots enlarge rapidly until the entire
fruit rots. The disease is most destructive during warm, wet weather. It may cause
50-70% fruit loss.
Control
1.Plant certified disease-free plants
2. Avoid poorly drained soils, plant on raised beds
11. Viruses
Viruses may stunt plant growth or cause mottling or curling of leaves. They are
introduced by insects such as aphids or leafhoppers. To prevent viruses, use
certified plants and control these insects.

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D. Nematodes
Nematodes are worms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They live in
the soil and mostly feed on roots. Symptoms of nematode damage include galls on
the roots or stubby, stunted roots. To avoid a buildup of nematodes, rotate plantings
to a different site when establishing new beds.
Foliar nematodes - Foliar nematodes do not only live on strawberries but they also
occur on a large number of plant species. They are especially in the centre of the
plant. At the outside of the plant they can not live very long. The leaves are
deformed, scalloped, minor and have sharp points. The leafstalks are considerably
thinner than they ought to be. The number of flowers is poor and sometimes the
whole production of new buds is lost. The buds on the side often sprout (the plant is
falling apart as it were).
Stem nematodes - In contrast to foliar nematodes, stem nematodes can live for a
long period of time without host plant. If a sensitive plant will be planted on infected
soil, it will be attacked. If stem nematodes are involved, the attack can be best
observed in spring. The leafstalks and flower stems will remain short and are
strongly thickened and bumpy. The leaf rims will curl up and the leaves are covered
with a bluish bloom and often strongly deformed. The flowers remain small and
produce deformed fruits. The infection often occurs spot wise. To make sure about
the actual presence of the infection, a soil sample is necessary
Free living root nematodes - (Longidorus elongatus and Xiphinema
diversicaudatum) - Both species of nematodes have an extensive series of host
plants. Plants which have been attacked by root nematodes, lag behind in growth.
The root system has badly developed, the roots are stunted and have swollen root
tips. What is more important than this direct damage, is the carrying on of viruses. In
this way strawberry plants can be infected with viruses.
Root cystnematodes - (Pratylenchus penetrans) - The root cyst nematode can live
on a large number of plants. For strawberries it is the most dangerous nematode
species. Nematodes spend their entire life cycle in the roots of the plants. One
generation will last about six or seven weeks. Attacked plants show interrupted
growth, produce fewer runners and will die. As a result of this, so-called eelworm
patches form in the crop. Especially on light soil this eelworm may cause damage.
The development of the roots of attacked plants is far poorer. The ends of the roots
are thickened and the root hair is lacking. An attacked plant is growing as it were on
the soil and can be easily pulled out of the soil. Through the damaged roots fungi -
for example black root rot - can penetrate into the plants.
Root-knot - (Meloidogyne hapla) - This nematode can be found especially on light
soil. It provides a thickening (small tuber) on the fine roots. Plants which have been
seriously attacked, are strongly lagging behind in growth and are worthless for future
use. So far this nematode causes hardly any problems in strawberry plants.

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50. Strawberry Disorders
Albinism is a physiological disorder in strawberry due to lack of fruit colour during
ripening. Fruits remain irregularly pink or even totally white and sometimes swollen.
They have acid taste and become less form. Albino fruits are often damage during
harvesting and are susceptible to Botrytis infection and decay during storage. It is
probably caused by certain climatic conditions and extremes in nutrition.

44
51. Sign of Maturity
Overripe strawberries appear withered and have lost their sheen. They may have
bruises emitting fermented juice or are peppered with white mold—both are
indicators to avoid. Also, check the bottom of the carton as well to avoid selecting
any squished fruits harmed during shipment
52. Taste of Strawberry
The best strawberries are fleshy and juicy in texture; their taste is sugary, tart, mildly
floral and bright yet robust. Its subdued earthy undertones suit the strawberry to
Unfortunately, once strawberries are picked off the vine, they will not ripen
further. When picking strawberries, it is important to choose ones that are red in
color, since these will be the most ripe. Similarly, try not to pick berries that are too
big because they may have less flavor.
Though color is an important give away, the single best indicator when purchasing
strawberries is the smell. Deliciously sweet fruits emit a floral, sweet, earthy aroma.
This gauge of sweetness only works on strawberries sitting at room temperature--
chilled strawberries will not be aromatic, sweet or otherwise.
Another interesting theory is that the distance of seeds on each fruit may be an
indicator of ripeness. Tightly spaced seeds show that the fruit didn’t have much time
to ripen before being plucked, whereas seeds far apart indicate that the fruit had time
to expand and ripen fully before harvesting.
Overripe strawberries appear withered and have lost their sheen. They may have
bruises emitting fermented juice or are peppered with white mold—both are
indicators to avoid. Also, check the bottom of the carton as well to avoid selecting
any squished fruits harmed during shipment.

45
mingle beautifully with herbs like mint and basil; its tartness, with balsamic
vinaigrette. Amazingly, over 300 compounds contribute to strawberry’s unique taste.
Different strawberry varieties ripen to different colors. The best test is the taste test.
If the berries are sweet and juicy, they are ready to pick. For the best quality, pick
berries in the morning and refrigerate them as soon as possible.
53.How to Open/Cut:
Strawberries are quite simple to prepare, as they require no peeling, de-coring or de-
seeding. Remove the leafy top and slice into desired pieces. As a tip, do not cut the
top straight away, as this wastes fruit—instead, twist the leaves, and then use a
small paring knife to remove the stem.
54.Rotations
Avoid rotations with soybeans, field corn, tobacco or other crops treated with
herbicides and/or plant growth regulators that could carryover and cause crop losses
or significant production reductions in strawberries. Read all labels carefully for

46
rotational restrictions. Get assistance to clear up any chemical related questions
before, not after planting strawberries.
55. Straw berry and onion
56. Post Harvest handling and Marketing
Strawberries are highly perishable and hence a great deal of care in harvesting and
handling as well as its marketing also requires to be organized carefully. Usually the
fruit is picked in the early morning and sent to the market in the afternoon of the
same day or is picked in the late afternoon, stored overnight in a cool place, and sent
to market the following morning
57. Harvesting and marketing

47
Proper picking, grading, and packing are as essential as good cultural practices to
success. The harvest frequency and duration depend on weather conditions,
varieties, soil factors, and cultural practices. Strawberries are almost entirely hand
picked. As a general rule for wholesale operations, six to nine pickers are needed for
one acre.
58. Yield
The yield varies according to season and locality. A yield of 20 to 25 tons per hectare
is excellent, though yields upto 50 tons per hectare have been reported under ideal
conditions

48
59. Grading
Fruits are graded on the basis of their weight, size and colour
60.Storage
Fruits can be stored in cold storage at 320C upto 10 days. For distant marketing,
strawberries should be pre-cooled at 40C within 2 hrs. of harvesting and kept at the
same temperature. After pre-cooling, they are shipped in refrigerated vans.

49
61.Packing
Packing is done according to the grades for long distance markets. Fruits of good
quality are packed in perforated cardboard cartons with paper cuttings as cushioning
material. Fruits of lower grades are packed in baskets.
62. Transportation

50
Road transport by trucks/lorries is the most convenient mode of transport due to
easy approach from orchards to the market.
63.Propagating Strawberries
Propagation is done by means of runners that are formed after the blooming season.
The plants may be allowed to set as many runners as possible but not allowed to set
any fruits. All the plants with good root system should be utilised to set a new

51
plantation. Given the best attention and care, a single plant usually produces 12 to
18 runners.
64.Target Market:
The target customers will be wholesellers and retailers catering for household
markets in Pakistan including local markets in Sukkur, Karachi, Hyderabad, and
other districts of Sindh and Rahim Yar Khan in Punjab, different areas of Baluchistan
and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
65. Prospects
66. Marketing
Because they are so perishable, strawberries are well suited to roadside stand and
pick-your-own operations, where time from harvest to sale can be kept to a
minimum. Roadside stands (either your own or another grower's) and pick-your-own
operations provide opportunities to receive relatively high prices for your
strawberries, but you may have some additional expenses for advertising, building
Pakistan is producing a limited quantity of strawberries which are either eaten
or used in preparing ice-cream, jam, jelly, pickle, cake or milk shake. The fruit
fetches Rs180 to Rs260 per kg in big cities.

52
and maintaining a facility, and providing service to your customers. With pick-your-
own operations, you save on harvest costs, but you must also be willing to accept
some waste.
67.Future of Strawberry in Pakistan
The wholesale price of the fruit comes down to Rs 150 per kg during the second
fortnight of March when the crop production touches its peak. The per acre income
from strawberry crop is estimated to Rs100, 000 per season per acre. The crop is
being increased in acres year by year in places mentioned earlier in Charsadda the
area is increased from 170 acres last year to 200 acres in 2010. The marketing
problems are their which are to be resolved by CMPII project and the VO, s would be
linked with District, Provincial and National and International Markets.
The wholesale price of the fruit comes down to Rs 150 per kg during the second
fortnight of March when the crop production touches its peak. The per acre income
from strawberry crop is estimated to Rs100,000 per season

53
There are a number of reasons for restricted production, like the climate, size and
taste. By overcoming problems related to quality, quantity and perishability of the
fruit, Pakistan can also export it to Europe, the United States and Middle Eastern
countries. Its saplings can be obtained from nurseries located in Mingora and
Madayen (NWFP) at a rate of ReI per unit.
There is no one variety of strawberry which possesses all the desirable
characteristics. Some are superior to others only because of certain characteristics.
In general, the differences in tastes between different varieties are not given as
much weight as in case of some other fruits. Some of its superior varieties enjoy
colour that is very attractive. Its varieties grown in Pakistan are Chandelier, Corona
and Stuff. These are mostly sour and small in size.
68.Preparation and serving tips
To wash strawberries, dip them in cold water in a large bowl for few seconds and
swish gently few times. It helps to remove any sand and insecticide/fungicide
residues. Then, gently pat them dry using a paper towel or cloth. This method also
helps berries bring back to normal room temperature and enriches their flavor and
taste. Remove stems and caps by simply snipping off with your fingers or using a
paring knife.
Here are some serving tips:
 Sliced fresh strawberries can be a great addition to fruit or green salad.
 They can be a great snack between meals. Dried strawberry slices can be
added in muffins, pie, cakes and are used in cereal flakes as a breakfast
meal.
 The berries are a popular addition to dairy products; as in strawberry flavored
ice cream, milkshakes, smoothies, and yogurts

54
69. Safety profile
Strawberries may cause serious allergic reactions in some sensitized individuals.
Some of the most common symptoms of strawberry allergy include swelling and
redness of mouth, lips and tongue ,eczema, hives, skin rash, headache, runny nose,
itchy eyes, wheezing, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression, hyperactivity and
insomnia. Individuals who suspect allergy to these fruits may want to avoid them

55
Keep Calm and Eat Strawberry
Author
Mr. Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
Peshawar Pakistan

Strawberry production in world A Book Written by Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Specialist KPK Pakistan

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