About various types of tamarind and its species diversification

1. Variability in Tamarind
Amal premachanadran
2016-12-025

2. Tamarind /Indian date/Imli
Tamarindus indica
Family: Leguminosae,
2n=24,
origin=Tropical Africa
The genus Tamarindus is monotypic, i.e. it contains a single species.
Commonly, Tamarindus indica

3. Tamarind Morphology
• The branches of tree droop from a single, central trunk as they matures .The
tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth, bushy tree, which attains a maximum
crown height of 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet). The crown has an irregular,
vase-shaped outline of dense foliage
• Leaves are evergreen, bright green in color, elliptical ovular, arrangement is
alternate, of the pinnately compound type, with pinnate venation and less than
5 cm (2 inches) in length

4. • The tamarind have red and yellow elongated flowers. Flowers are 2.5 cm
wide (one inch), five-petalled, borne in small racemes, and yellow with
orange or red streaks. Buds are pink as the four sepals are pink and are lost
when the flower blooms.
• The fruit is a curved or straight pod with rounded ends, 12 to 15 cm in
length, covered with a hard brown exterior shell. Fruit pulp is brown or
reddish-brown when mature and the fruit pod contains between I and 12 flat
and glossy brown seeds.

5. • T. indica appears to be at least preferentially
outcrossing.
• Flowers are hermaphroditic, but the spatial
arrangement of anthers and stigma may tend to
limit self-pollination (Diallo et al. 2008).
• Also, female flowers precede male flowers by
one day. This poses an additional barrier to self-
pollination (Bajpai et al. 1968)

6. • Tamarind is highly cross pollinated and seed propagated crop hence
wide variability could be seen in this crop .
• There their exist individual variation among tree in a population
(Singh, T. R and Nandini, R
2014)

7. Origin and Distribution
• Tamarind is widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics
• Grows in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia and Central America.
• It most probably originated in tropical Africa (Coates-Palgrave, 1988),
• Although there is a common belief that tamarind is native to India
(Morton, 1987) where it is believed to have been introduced
thousands of years ago (Hort, 1916),

9. Classification of Tamarind
On the basis of fruit size and shape
• Baily recognized two types of tamarind
• East Indian type having long pods with 6 to 12 seeds.

10. • West Indian type having shorter pods containing 1 to 4 seeds.
• Paulos (1975) recognized a tamarind type known as ‘Valakatchi’-
which bears long and rectangular pods.

11. On the basis of pulp colour:
•The yellow or brown pulp type, turning dark brown on
storage. It is harvested after full maturity.

12. •The reddish pulp type is locally known as ‘Raktichinch’
A high yielding Red type (Yogeshwari) has been released by
Marathawada Agriculture University, Parbhani

13. On the basis of organoleptic taste
The cultivated types could be broadly classified into two groups viz.,
sweet and sour types.
•Sweet type: The ripe fruits have sweeter pulp coupled with less acidity and
fruits are mainly used for dessert purpose.
Makham Waan, Secthong, Manilasweet are few cultivars found mostly in
South East Asia (Thailand)
Cultivar ‘Pratistan’ released by FRS, Aurangabad is a sweet type (61%).
•Sour type: No. 263 has been released by MAU, Parbhani. Urigam+higher
pulp seed ratio and cumbum (good yielder) are popular in Tamil Nadu.
PKM-1 (Periyakulum-1) has been released from HRS, Periyakulam. Suitable
for high density orcharding (160 plants/acre against 40 plants/acre under
conventional planting.).

14. Popular local varieties
• Bangalore Tamarind
• Tumkur Tamarind
• Hosur Tamarind
• Krishnagiri Tamarind
• Natham Tamarind
• Nagarkoil Tamarind
• Villupuram Tamarind
• Ranchi Tamarind

15. Improved Varieties
PKM-1
• A clonal selection from gene bank
• Early variety
• Pulp content-39%
• Yield-26 tonnes of pods/ha.
• Purple pigmentation in terminal buds.
• Dark brown stem.
• Fruits are borne in clusters of 4-5.
• Slightly curved with brown pulp.

16. Urigam
• Very long pods.
• Fleshy sweet pulp.
• Bears 2-3 pods/bunch.

17. Pratisthan
• Sweet pulp.
• High yielding variety.
• Released from Marathwada Agricultural University,Parbhani.

18. NTI-19 (DST-1)
• Yield well in Dharwad region in Karnataka.
• Pods are big and grafted plants yield in 4-5 years.
• Average yield-3 kg at the 5th year.

19. LOCAL GENOTYPES COLLECTED FROM SOUTH
INDIA
• 36 genotype of tamarind have been evaluated by using AFLP markers
(It could detect polymorphism between genotype that are not
distinguish with other PCR-based techniques. ) and morphological
characters From GKVK Bangalore
• NCBS-1
• Semi curved fruit
• Brown pulp
• Dark green leaves
• NCBS-2
• Straight fruit
• Orthotropic tree habit
• Brown pulp
• Dark green leaves
(Algabal et. al 2011)

20. • NB1
• orthotropic tree growth,
• semi-curved fruit shape,
• dark brown fruit pulp,
• dark green leaves
• H4, H5, PKM2, BT1,
• orthotropic tree growth
• curved fruit shape
• dark brown fruit pulp
• dark green leaves
• PG2, MG1, MG2, and MG3
• semi-curved fruits with dark brown pulp
• dark green colored leaves.
• orthotropic growth
(Algabal et. al 2011)

21. • S18, N22, NJ57, NB15, H2, and H3
• semi-curved fruits with light
• brown to dark brown colored pulp
• dark green leaves
• Orthotropic growth
• P3, P10, P13, P11, P14, NB30
• orthotropic growth
• semi-curved fruit shape
• pulp color varied from light brown to dark brown
• leaf color varied from light green to dark green.
• Based on the AFLP analysis, genetically closely associated genotypes could
be identified, such as P3 and P10, PG2 and MG1, MG2 and MG3, and
NCBS2 and NCBS3, which could be avoided for further breeding programs
(Algabal et. al 2011)

22. • D. Saraladevi, V. et al showed in the result that variability in tamarind
progenies present in the Dindigul region of TN was high in regards to plant
height , canopy spread and plant girth
• Tree height having highest correlation with girth than canopy spread
• Seedling progenies were numbered as T1 to T 41

23. • An extensive study was conducted in Panchamahal district and adjoining
areas of Gujarath during 2003 - 2005 to identify elite germplasm. Thirty
fully grown trees(CPT1-30) of promising genotypes were selected which
had fairly wide variability in flower and panical
• There were marked differences in various floral traits which might be due
to inherent genetic variations among the genotypes (Singh et al., 8).
• There was significant positive association with panicle length, pedicel
length, perfect flowers per panicle, flower length, pistil length and ovary
length with fruit yield per plant
• With respect to all traits studied in these genotypes, CPT 6, CPT 8, CPT 10,
CPT 13, CPT 18, CPT 19, CPT 20 and CPT 22 were found to be promising
and indicated the possibility of developing high yielding stable genotypes.
(Singh ,S. et al 2008)

24. Why we look for variability
• Tamarind is economically valuable and multi-purpose in which every part of the tree
has a use
• The tamarind major production area is in Asia, where India is considered the major
producer with a production of 300 thousand tons annually (EI-Siddig et aI., 2006)
• There is a high export value for Asian tamarind in Europe and America
• Most of the tamarind produced in India and Thailand is also consumed locally. The
sour tamarind is the most widespread; it comprises 95% of the total world
production.
• Thailand is the largest producer of sweet tamarind, being 30% of its crop.
• It gives diversified products from pulp and seed

25. Reference
• Singh ,T. R. and Nandini, R. 2004. Genetic variability, character associated and
path analysis in the tamarind (T.indicus .L) population at Nallor tamarind grove .
SAARC. J. Agri. 12(1): 20-25
• Algabal,A.Q.A.Y, Papanna, N and LukeSimon 2011.Amplified Fragment Length
Polymorphism Marker- Based Genetic Diversity in Tamarind (Tamarindus indica).
International J of Fruit Sci, 11(1): 1-16
• Saraladevi,D., Ponnuswami,V., Vijayakumar,R. M and Chitra,S. 2010 Multivariate
and Clustering Analysis in Sweet Tamarind Seedling Progenies. Electronic .J. of
Plant Breeding, 1(4): 542-547
• Orwa R.2009 Agroforestry Database 4.0
• E. M. Yahia 2011. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Autonomous University of
Queretaro, Mexico and N. K.-E. Salih, Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan
• Singh, S ., Singh, A.K and Joshi, H. K 2008.Genetic variability for floral traits and
yield attributes in tamarind Indian J. Hort. 65(3), 328-331