1. PRESENTATION ON DIFFERENTTYPES
OF ROCKS, PROPERTIES AND
THEIR USES
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO-
MR. MANISH BHUTANI
SUBMITTED BY-
AMAN BHAGAT
ROLL NO. 604/18
CIVIL 5TH SEMESTER

2. ROCKS
INTRODUCTION-
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by
the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually grouped
into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Rocks form the Earth's outer
solid layer, the crust. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the
ground surface or the seabed. The metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such
large pressures and temperatures that they are transformed—something that occurs, for example,
when Continental plates collide. Rocks are composed of grains of minerals, which are homogeneous
solids formed from a chemical compound arranged in an orderly manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS-
Generally rocks can be divided into three major types based on the process of their formation. These are;
Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

3. DIFFERENTTYPES OF ROCKS AND THEIR NAMES-
▪ GRANITE
▪ SYENITE
▪ DIORITE
▪ GABBRO
▪ PEGMATITE
▪ DOLERITE
▪ BASALT
▪ SAND STONE
▪ LIMESTONE
▪ SHALE
▪ BRECCIA
▪ CONGLOMERATE
▪ GNEISS
▪ QUARTZITE
▪ MARBLE
▪ SLATE
▪ SCHIST
▪ PHYLLITE

4. ➢ GEOLOGICAL SYMBOLS OF ROCKS-

5. ❑ GRANITE-
Chemical name of granite- granitoid
Granite rocks

6. Granite rock
PROPERTIES OF GRANITE-
• Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye.
• Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and
other minerals.
• It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface.
• Granite is a plutonic rock in which quartz makes up between 10 and 50 percent of the felsic components
and alkali feldspar accounts for 65 to 90 percent of the total feldspar content.

7. • In the commercial stone industry, a "granite" is a rock with visible grains that are harder than marble.
• Granite is hard enough to resist abrasion, strong enough to bear significant weight, inert enough to
resist weathering, and it accepts a brilliant polish.
• Rough-cut and polished granite is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments, and many other
exterior projects.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GRANITE-
•External cladding and building blocks.
•Mosaics and tile patterns.
•Backsplashes and bathroom tiles.
•Mantelpieces and staircases.
•Granite kitchen worktops.
•As a gemstone.
•Polished granite is a stunning natural stone, and is often used alongside marble in stone floors.
•Granite paving slabs are ideal for use outdoors as they are very tough and weather-resistant. Many people are
surprised at the number of shades of granite that are available – paving slabs come in a wide range of hues, from
red to green, as well as the well known greys and blacks.

8. ❑ SYENITE-
Chemical name of syenite- Nepheline syenite
SYENITE ROCKS

9. PROPERTIES OF SYENITE-
• Compressive strength of syenite is 150.00 N/mm^2.
• Syenite rock is less porous.
• Syenite rock have perfect cleavage.
• It has opaque transparency.
• Density of syenite is about 2.6-2.8 g/cm^3.
• It is heat resistance , wear resistance , impact resistance.
• Streak is the color of rock when it is crushed or powdered.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SYENITE-
• Syenite is use in our house interiors like flooring , in hotels , and resorts.
• Syenite is also used in exteriors of houses and buildings as facing stone , paving stone etc.
• Syenite is used in carbing.
• Syenite is used in industries as Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate,
Landscaping, Making natural cement, Manufacture of Magnesium and Dolomite Refractories.
• Syenite is also used as Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines.
• It is also used as Cemetery Markers, Creating Artwork.

10. ❑ DIORITE-
Chemical name of diorite- Granodiorite
Diorite rock

11. PROPERTIES OF DIORITE-
• Hardness of diorite lies between 4 to 7.
• Grain size of diorite is medium to coarse.
• Compressive strength of diorite is 225.00 N/mm2.
• Toughness of diorite is 2.1.
• Density of diorite is 2.5 to 3 g/cm3.
• Specific gravity of diorite is 2.8 to 3.
• Porosity of diorite is less.
• Streak of diorite is bluish black.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF DIORITE-
• Diorite is used as Decorative Aggregates, Interior Decoration in houses or buildings.
• Diorite is used as Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration.
• Diorite uses in construction industry include As dimension stone, Cement manufacture, Cobblestones,
Construction aggregate, For road aggregate.
• Diorite is used as antiquity like Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines.
• It is also used as a drainage stone and for erosion control.
• In the dimension stone industry, diorite is often cut into facing stone, tile, ashlars, blocking, pavers, curbing,
and a variety of dimension stone products.

12. ❑ GABBRO-
Chemical name of gabbro- Calcium Plagioclase
Gabbro rock

13. PROPERTIES OF GABBRO ROCK-
• Hardness of gabbro is 7.
• Size of gabbro is coarse grained.
• Fracture of gabbro is conchoidal.
• Streak of gabbro is black.
• Gabbro is highly porous.
• Compressive strength of gabbro is 225.00 N/mm2.
• Toughness of gabbro is 1.6.
• Specific gravity of gabbro is 2.86 to 2.87.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GABBRO ROCK-
• Gabbro is used for kitchen countertops.
• gabbro can be used as ornamental facing stones, paving stones.
• Gabbro is used in sea defencing to protect roads from sea waves.
• The most common use of gabbro is as a crushed stone or aggregate in construction projects as
road construction.
• gabbro is used to design monumental structures.

14. ❑ PEGMATITE-
Chemical name of pegmatite- almandine or spessartine
Pegmatite rock

15. PROPERTIES OF PEGMATITE-
• Hardness of pegmatite is 7.
• Streak of pegmatite is white.
• Pegmatite is less porous.
• Luster of pegmatite is vitreous , grainy and pearly.
• Compresssive strength of pegmatite is 178.54 N/mm2.
• Density of pegmatite is 2.6 to 2.65 g/cm2.
• Cleavage is perfect.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF PEGMATITE-
• Pegmatite are used as architectural stone.
• Pegmatite is used in gemstone mining because of it has large crystal minerals.
• Gemstones found in pegmatite include: amazonite, apatite, aquamarine, beryl, chrysoberyl,
emerald, garnet, kunzite, lepidolite, spodumene, topaz, tourmaline, zircon, and many
others.
• Pegmatite is used for rare mineral mining.
• Pegmatite is frequently mined for industrial minerals.
• It is also used as a filler in many products.

16. ❑ DOLERITE
Chemical name of dolerite- Diabase
Dolerite rock

17. PROPERTIES OF DOLERITE-
• Poisonn’s ratio of dolerite is 0.02-0.l (weathered) 0.3-0.4 (unweathered).
• Youngs modulus of dolerite is 10-40 GPa (weathered) 90-110 GPa (unweathered).
• Density of dolerite is 2.80-3.10 t/m3 (average 2.9-2.95 t/m3 ).
• Rigidity modulus of dolerite is 10-50 GPa (unweathered).
• Porosity is Approximately 1%.
• Rigidity modulus is 10-50 GPa (unweathered).
• Uniaxial compressive strength 40 MPa (unweathered).
USES/APPLICATIONS OF DOLERITE-
• Diabase is crushed and used as a construction aggregate for road beds, buildings, railroad beds (rail ballast),
and within dams and levees.
• Diabase can be cut for use as headstones and memorials; the base of the Marine Corps War Memorial is made
of black diabase "granite" (a commercial term, not actual granite).
• Diabase can also be cut for use as ornamental stone for countertops, facing stone on buildings, and paving.
• A form of dolerite, known as bluestone, is one of the materials used in the construction of Stonehenge.
• In Tasmania, where it is one of the most common rocks found, it is used for building, for landscaping and to
erect dry-stone farm walls.

18. ❑ BASALT-
Chemical name of basalt- PubChem CID
Basalt rock

19. PROPERTIES OF BASALT ROCK-
• High tensile strength (breaking strength).
• Low elongation at break.
• High elastic modulus.
• Density of basalt is 2.7 gram/cubic centimeter.
• Low thermal conductivity.
• High sound absorption coefficient.
• It’s price is almost 6 USD/KG.
• Specific weight is 2.60 to 2.65 g/cm3.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF BASALT ROCK-
• In ancient Rome, basalts were used for many purposes, such as street pavers. Additionally, they were used
extensively for many construction purposes, such as stadium seating.
• It is also used for the railroad ballast. These stones can provide drainage and are used for support. Basalts
are placed as bedrocks for the racks of railroads.
• Today, basalt is used for many things. One of the most common uses of basalt is aggregates.
• Crushed basalts are used for construction purposes, such as concrete aggregate, asphalt paving, and rock
filtering agents.
• They are added as aggregates to increase the strength of concrete. In addition, basalt slabs are cut into
dimensions and used as flooring veneers and coverings.

20. • They can also be used for monuments as well as other things.
❑ SAND STONE-
Chemical name of sand stone- silicon dioxide or silica, calcium carbonate,
and iron dioxide.
Sand stone

21. PROPERTIES OF SAND STONE-
• Mineralogy :A wide variety of rock fragments with up to 75% quartz grains.
• Occurrence :Associated with most other sedimentary rock types.
• Water Absorption :The capacity of water absorption is not more than 1.0%.
• Texture : Medium-grained may range widely in degrees of grain sorting and shape.
• Structure : Bedding is often apparent along with sedimentary structures and fossils.
• Hardness : Lies between 6 to 7 on Moh's Scale Density 2.32 to 2.42 Kg/m3.
• Color Sandstone is available in many colors – red, green, yellow, pink, gray and white.The reason for
the variation in colors being the change in the percentage of constituent and the binding material.
• Porosity The porosity of sandstone is almost negligible.Thus sandstone is almost impermeable.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SAND STONE-
• Sandstone can be used to create counter tops for kitchens, vanities, bathrooms or floors in any room of your home.
• When cut into tiles, it can cover a bathroom wall or be used as a backsplash in your kitchen.
• Flower vases and other decorative containers can be made of sandstone as well. In addition, you can find candle holders,
jewelry boxes and picture frames made of sandstone.
• Sandstone is used in the building of homes and outdoor structures, as well as gates or as support for columns on porches.
• Sandstone can even be used to create works of art for both inside the house and out, such as animal figurines or statues
for the yard.

22. • It can be used to design garden balls for placement on pedestals (also made of sandstone.)
• Sandstone can be used to surround a work of natural art prominently displayed outdoors, such as a prized rose
bush or other flower in your garden.
• We can build our dog's house with sandstone, make a bird bath with it, create a sandstone mailbox or line
walkways or landscaping around our home with it in stepping stone sizes.
❑ LIMESTONE-
Chemical name of limestone- Calcite ( CaCO3 )
Limestone rock

23. Limestone rock
PROPERTIES OF LIMESTONE -
Hardness 3 to 4 on Moh's Scale
Density 2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Compressive Strength 1800 to 2100 Kg/cm2
Water Absorption Less than 1%
Porosity Quite low
Weather Impact Resistant
USES/APPLICATIONS OF LIMESTONE-
• limestone is crushed into smaller particles and various grades are produced. Finally, these products are sold as
agricultural lime or “Aglime” which is again used to neutralize soil acidity as well as free up soil minerals like
phosphates.
• powdered limestone is used in the textile, paint, paper, rubber, glass and plastic industries amongst others.
• it is used in the steel industry for the production process where limestone is used to remove impurities.
• The minerals found in limestones are also used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic products, baking soda, toothpaste,
etc.
• Crushed limestone is used as a filter stone in on-site sewage disposal systems.

24. • Lime which is the byproduct of limestone is used to neutralize acids and treat wastewater, industrial sludge,
animal waste, and water supplies.
❑ SHALE-
Chemical name of shale-
Shale rock

25. Shale rock
PROPERTIES OF SHALE-
• Hardness of shale is 7.
• grain size of shale is vey fine grained.
• streak of shale is white.
• shale is higly porous.
• luster of shale is dull.
• compressive strength of shale is 95.00 N/mm2
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SHALE-
• Shale has many commercial uses. It is a source material in the ceramics industry to make brick, tile, and
pottery.
• Shale used to make pottery and building materials requires little processing besides crushing and mixing with
water.
• Crushing shale and heating it with limestone makes cement for the construction industry.
• Heat drives off water and breaks limestone into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is lost as a
gas, leaving calcium oxide and clay, which harden when mixed with water and dried.
• The petroleum industry uses fracking to extract oil and natural gas from oil shale. Fracking involves injection of
liquid at high pressure into the rock to force out the organic molecules.

26. ❑ BRECCIA-
Chemical name of breccia- polymictic breccia
Breccia rock

27. • Texture: clastic (coarse-grained).
• Grain size: > 2mm; clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable.
• Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement.
• Colour: Dependent on clast and matrix composition.
• Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate.
• Other features: Rough to touch due to angular clasts.
• It comes in many colors and compositions.
PROPERTIES OF BRECCIA-
USES/APPLICATONS OF BRECCIA-
• Because of its variable composition, breccia has an interesting appearance.
• The rock is mainly used to make sculptures, gems, and architectural elements.
• The Minoan palace of Knossos on Cretes, constructed around 1800 B.C., includes columns made of breccia.
• The ancient Egyptians used breccia to make statues.
• The Romans regarded breccia as a precious stone and used it to construct public buildings, columns, and walls.
• The Pantheon in Rome features columns made of pavonazzetto, a type of breccia with a pattern resembling
peacock feathers.
• In modern culture, breccia is used for decorative elements, jewelry, and sometimes as a fill material for roads.

28. ❑ CONGLOMERATE-
Chemical name of conglomerate- monomict, monomictic, oligomict, or oligomictic.
Conglomerate rock

29. • Class: Conglomerate may be divided into large lessons:
• Texture: Clastic (coarse-grained).
• Grain size: > 2mm; Clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable.
• Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement.
• Colour: variable, dependent on clast and matrix composition.
• Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate.
• Other features: Clasts generally smooth to touch, matrix variable.
• Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that looks like concrete. It consists of large, rounded
pebbles (clasts) cemented by a matrix made of calcite, iron oxide, or silica.
• Conglomerate rock occurs where gravel can become rounded by traveling distances or
being subjected to tumbling. Beaches, riverbeds, and glaciers can produce conglomerate.
• The properties of conglomerate rock depend on its composition. It can be found in any
color and may be either hard or soft.
• Conglomerate can be used as a fill material for roads and construction. Hard rock may be
cut and polished to make dimension stone.
PROPERTIES OF CONGLOMERATE-

30. • Conglomerate can be crushed to make a fine aggregate that can be used where a low-performance material is
suitable.
• Many conglomerates are colorful and attractive rocks, but they are only rarely used as an ornamental stone
for interior use.
• Analysis of conglomerate can sometimes be used as a prospecting tool.
• Conglomerate is used as dimension stones.
• Conglomerate is used in preparation of construction of aggregates.
• It is also used as decorative materials for interiors and exteriors of particular building.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF CONGLOMERATE-
❑ GNEISS-
Chemical name of gneiss- semischistose
metamorphic rock.

31. Gneiss rock

32. PROPERTIES OF GNEISS ROCK-
• The hardness of Gneiss is 7.
• Its compressive strength is 125.00 N/mm2
• The streak of Gneiss is white
• Fracture of gneiss is irregular.
• Luster of Gneiss is the interaction of light with the surface of Gneiss. Luster of
Gneiss is dull.
• Gneiss cleavage is poor.
• The specific gravity of Gneiss is 2.5-2.7.
• Gneiss is translucent to opaque in nature whereas its toughness is 1.2.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GNEISS-
• Interior Uses:
Countertops, Decorative Aggregates, Flooring, Interior Decoration.
• Exterior Uses:
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Paving Stone.
• Other Architectural Uses:
Curbing.
• Industry:
Construction Industry.

33. • Antiquity Uses:
Artifacts.
• Commercial Uses:
Cemetery Markers, Jewelry, Tombstones, Used in aquariums.
❑ QUARTZITE-
Chemical name of quartzite- [SiO2]x
Quartzite rock

34. PROPERTIES OF QUARTZITE ROCK-
• Hardness of quartzite rock is 6-7.
• Size of quartzite rock is Medium Grained.
• Fracture of quartzite is Uneven, Splintery or Conchoidal.
• Streak is white.
• Porosity of rock is Less.
• Luster is vitreous.
• Compressive Strength is 115.00 N/mm2
• Cleavage of rock is Indiscernible.
• Toughness is 1.9
• Transparency of rock is Transparent to Translucent.
• Density of rock is 2.32-2.42 g/cm3
• Specific Heat Capacity is 0.75 kJ/Kg K.
• quartzite rock is Heat Resistant, Impact Resistant, Pressure Resistant, Wear
Resistance.

35. • Interior Uses:
Countertops, Decorative Aggregates, Flooring, Homes.
• Exterior Uses:
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Paving Stone.
• Other Architectural Uses:
Curbing.
• Construction Industry:
Arrowheads, As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, Cutting Tool.
• Antiquity Uses:
Artifacts, Jewellery, Monuments, Sculpture.
• Commercial Uses:
An Oil and Gas Reservoir, As armour rock for sea walls, Cemetery Markers, Commemorative Tablets, In aquifers.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF QUARTZITE ROCK-

36. ❑ MARBLE-
Chemical name of marble- Calcium carbonate
Marble rock

37. PROPERTIES AND USES OF MARBLE ROCK-
• Color: Marble is usually a light-colored rock. When it is formed from a limestone with very
few impurities, it will be white in color.
• Acid Reaction: Being composed of calcium carbonate, marble will react in contact with
many acids, neutralizing the acid.
• Hardness: Being composed of calcite, marble has a hardness of three on the Mohs
hardness scale. As a result, marble is easy to carve, and that makes it useful for producing
sculptures and ornamental objects.
• Ability to Accept a Polish: After being sanded with progressively finer abrasives, marble
can be polished to a high luster.
• This allows attractive pieces of marble to be cut, polished, and used as floor tiles, architectural
panels, facing stone, window sills, stair treads, columns, and many other pieces of decorative
stone.
• Marble is often crushed and used for acid neutralization in streams, lakes, and soils.
• It is one of the most effective acid neutralization materials.

38. ❑ SLATE-
Chemical name of marble- biotite, chlorite, hematite, and pyrite
Slate rock

39. PROPERTIES OF SLATE-
• Hardness 2.5 to 4.0 on Moh's scale
• Modulus of Rupture 450 to 850 Kg/cm2
• Compressive Strength 170 to 240 Kg/cm2
• Specific Gravity 2.65 to 2.80
• Porosity Low to very low
• Water Absorption 1.0 to 1.5%
• Corrodibility 0.4 to 0.7%
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SLATE ROCK-
• Slate rock is used in the construction industry to make roofing shingles and coverings.
• Slate is used for external flooring, internal flooring and cladding. Slate floors are commonly laid in outdoor
porches, basements, bathrooms and kitchens.
• Slate rock is used in various residential and commercial landscaping projects for its weather-resistant and
pollution-resistant properties..
• It is used to pave paths, surround swimming pools, cover outer walls, make risers and treads on stairs, and
even for patios.
• Slate stone is chiseled to make fountains, used in both traditional and contemporary styles.

40. ❑ SCHIST-
Chemical name of schist- micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite
Schist rock
PROPERTIES OF SCHIST-
• Grain Size:
Medium to Fine Coarse Grained
• Fracture:
Conchoidal

41. • Fracture:
Conchoidal
• Streak:
White
• Porosity
Highly Porous
• Luster
Shiny
• Cleavage
Slaty
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SLATE ROCK-
• Schists have been frequently used in building houses or walls, as many are quite strong and durable.
• many foundation problems with buildings both large and small are due to decay of the schist or failure of the
mortar.
• Most of the building foundations built in the 1920s and '30s in the New York City area used schist.
• Decorative rock walls on houses in the area also used a schist called "Yonkers Stone," which is no longer
available.
• The graphitic schists may represent sediments once containing coaly matter or plant remains.

42. ❑ PHYLLITE-
Chemical name of phyllite- Graphite, muscovite, sericite
Phyllite rock

43. PROPERTIES OF PHYLLITE-
• Colour: Black to gray or light greenish gray in color, Shiny Gray
• Protolith or Parent Rock: Parent rock for phyllite is shale or pelite, or slate which in
turn came from a shale protolith.
• Metamorphic Type: Regional
• Metamorphic Grade: Low Grade (Higher than Slate)
• Metamorphic Environment: Low grade regional metamorphism along a convergent
plate boundary
• Grain size: Very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation
• Group: Metamorphic Rock
• Texture: Foliated, Fine-grained, Well-developed schistosity
USES/APPLICATIONS OF PHYLLITE ROCK-
• Phyllite is lustrous sheen rock. So it is often used as a decorative stone in countertops.
• Phyllite may be used as decorative aggregates, floor tiles, and other interior home
decorations or used as exterior building or facing stone, and garden decorations.
• Also, it may be used in building facades and for decorative crushed stone.
• Slabs of phyllite are occasionally trimmed and used as landscape, paving or sidewalk
stone.

44. THANK
YOU