1. Presented by:
Amandeep Kaur
Assistant Professor of teaching in Mathematics,
Shaheed Baba Deep Singh College of Education,
Aherwan
Fatehabad (Haryana)
2. Data are the observable and measurable
facts that provide information about the
phenomenon under study. In research
studies, two types of data are collected; those
are primary and secondary data. However,
nursing research studies rely mainly on
primary data. A systematic collection and
analysis of data are most vital to any
empirical research. It is most essential for a
researcher to have appropriate methods of
data collection so that planned study
variables can be adequately measured and
accurate conclusions can be drawn.
INTRODUCTION
4. DATA :Is factual information which is methodically
collected in the course of the research study that is
needed to answer the question posed in research
problem
DEFENITION OF DATA :It is defined as
the facts or
Information which is systematically collected;
carefully
Organized ;methodically classified and tabulated
and
finally factual data is converted to numerical data
for
Statistical measurement and analysis.
The word data is plural form of “ DATUM’
5. DEFINITION OF DATA COLLECTION
TOOL
It is defined as
data collection
approch that
will aid in
gathering in
accurate,reliabl
e and valid data
6. .
CONCEPT OF DATA
COLLECTION
There is a pertinent question
that always strikes the
researchers mind:
how to determine what data
are to be collected. The
following discussion provides
the answer of this question
•What data is to be collected?
•From whom data is to be collected?
•Who will collect data?
•From where the data will be
collected?
•When is the data to be collected?
7. Primary Source :Primary data are directly
collected from the research units.
People, objects, programmes,
institutions, etc. (Primary data
are collected through interviews,
questioning,observation,
biochemical measurements,
and psychosocial measurement
scales)
Sources of data collection
10. Type of research subjects
The type of research study
The purpose of the research study
Size of the study sample
Distribution of the target population
Time frame of the study
Literacy level of the subjects
Availability of recourses and manpower
Researcher's knowledge level and
competence
SELECTION OF METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
11. Evaluating or assessing the method for data
collection:
1. Is data collection method complete in all
the aspects to study the study variables
2. Are data collection methods thoroughly
described?
3. Are data collection methods in accordance
to research questions/hypotheses to be
tested?
4. Are validity and reliability of data
collection methods established?
5. Are the number of methods used for data
collection sufficient for complete coverage
of research data or additional methods
required for data collection?
6. Are anonymity and confidentiality
assured?
7. Are instruments described in detail?
12. TYPES OF METHOD AND TOOLS OF DATA
COLLECTION
Types of
method/techniques
Tools for data
collection
Interview
Opinionnaire
interview schedule
Que.
Questionaire
Opinionnaire
Likert scale
Observation
Check list
Rating
scale
13. Types of Interview
1. Structured interview (Directive interview)
standardized interviews
2. Unstructured interview (Nondirective
interview) or nonstandardized interviews
3. Semistructured interview
4. In-depth interview or investigative
interview
5. Focused group interview (8-12 members)
homogeneous in terms of demographic
and socioeconomic characteristics.
6. Telephone interview or nonpersonal
14. QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire is a
structured instrument
consisting of a series of
questions prepared by
researcher that a
research subject is asked
to complete, to gather
data from individuals
about
knowledge,attitude,
beliefs and feelings.
Definition
15. Guidelines for Designing a Good
Questionnaire
1. The questionnaire must be developed exactly in accordance
with study objectives.
2. The questionnaire should begin with the instructions for the
respondents to provide the responses.
3. The drafting of the questionnaire should be concise, precise,
and brief, because lengthy questionnaires may lead to
boredom among respondents.
4. The language of the questionnaire should be according to the
respondents' knowledge about a particular language.
5. Questions outside the respondents' experience should not be
asked.
6. In asking questions about past events, too much reliance
should not be placed on the respondents' memory.
7. Questions which are likely to lead to bias in the respondents
should be avoided.
8. Questions should be very clear and simple. Avoid professional
jargons.
9. As far as possible, open-ended questions should be avoided.
10. Avoid questions with difficult concepts, which are not easily
understandable for respondents.
16. Question
construction
1. Use statements where persons that have
different opinions or traits will give
different answers.
2. Use only one aspect of the construct in
which you are interested.
3. Avoid asking double-barrelled questions
which contain two distinct ideas or
concepts. For example, are you satisfied
with pay and fringe benefits?
4. Avoid leading, loaded, ambiguous, and
long questions.
17. Types of Questions
Open-format
questions
Closed-format
questions
•Open-ended questions are
those questions which
provide opportunity to the
respondents to express their
opinions and answers in their
own way
•These questions offer
respondents a number of
alternative replies, from which
the subjects must choose the
one that most likely matches
the appropriate answer
20. Likert Scale
Definitions
Likert scale is a composite measurement scale
used to measure attitude, values and feelings of the
people that involve summation of scores on the set
of positive and negative declarative statements
regarding measuring variables to which
respondents are asked to indicate their degree of
agreement or disagreement.
•Basically it is used to measure the attitudes, values, and
feelings of the people about specific concepts such as
situations, people, places, objects, programmes,
practices, policies, and so on.
22. Characteristics of Likert
Scale
Advantages of Likert
Scale
Psychological measurement tool:
Illustrative in nature
Neutral statements
Bipolar scaling method
It is relatively easy to construct this scale.
Likert scale is considered as more reliable and
valid tool to measure the psychosocial
variables.
It is easy to administer, since respondents
only have to tick in spaces provided against of
each statement.
It is less time consuming during construction
23. OBSERVATION
Definition
s Observation is a technique
for collecting all the data or
acquiring information
through occurrences that
can be observed through
senses with or without
mechanical devices.
It is a two part process to
collect data for study that
includes an observer
(someone who is observing)
and the observed (there is
something to observe).
25. .
RATING
SCALE
Rating scale refers to a scale with a set of opinion,
which describes varying degree of the dimensions of
an attitude being observed.
Rating scale is devices by which judgements may be
qualified or an opinion concerning a trait can be
systematized
26. Descriptive rating
scales
Numerical rating scale
Comparative rating
scale
Graphic rating scale
Types of the Rating
Scales
performance is printed horizontally at various
points from lowest to highest
rating scales do not use number, but divide the
assessment
It divides the evaluation criteria into a fixed
number of points, but defines only numbers at
the extremes. In these scales, each statement is
generally assigned a numerical score ranging
from 1 to 10 or even more
In this type of rating scale, the researcher makes
a judgement about an attribute of a person by
comparing it with that of a similar another
person(s).
27. A checklist is a simple
instrument consisting
prepared list of expected
items of performance or
attributes, which are checked
by a researcher for their
presence or absence.
Checklists are constructed by
breaking a performance and
the quality of a product,
which specifies the presence
or absence of an attribute or
trait which is then "checked"
CHECKLIST
