1. Internet ofThings
Presented By:
Amarjeetsingh Thakur

2. Contents
 WhatisIoT??
 History/ EvolutionofIOT
 Current Status & FutureProspect ofIoT
 Applications
 Communication Protocols
 Challenges

3. What is IoT??

4. Let's start with understanding a few things:
 Broadband Internet is becoming more widely
available
 The cost of connecting is decreasing
 More devices are being created with Wi-Fi
capabilities and sensors built into them
 Technology costs are going down and smartphone
penetration is sky-rocketing
All of these things are creating a "perfect
storm" for the IoT.

7. We will now have connectivity for anything. From
any time, any place connectivity for anyone!!!

8. How Does IOT Impact Us?
The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything that can be connected,
will be connected."
But why on earth would you want so many connected devices
talking to each other?
There are many examples for what this might look like or what the
potential value might be.
Say for example
You are on your way to a meeting; your car could have access to your
calendar and already know the best route to take. If the traffic is heavy
your car might send a text to the other party notifying them that you will
be late.
What if your alarm clock wakes up you at 6 a.m. and then notifies
your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for you?

9. Various Names, One Concept
For over a decade after the introduction of the term
Internet-of-Things, different organizations and working
groups have been providing various definitions.
• M2M (Machine to Machine)
• “Internet of Everything” (Cisco Systems)
• “World Size Web” (Bruce Schneier)
• “Skynet” (Terminator movie)
• Cloud of Things
• Web of Things
All these terms are very relevant (and in most cases
overlapping) to IoT. Nevertheless, they also have differences
from IoT.

10. SensorsandActuators.
Communication infrastructurebetween
serversor serverplatforms.
Server/Middleware Platforms.
DataAnalytics Engines.
Apps(iOS,Android, Web).
computer software that provides services to
software applications beyond those ...
Middleware includes web servers, application
servers, content management systems, and
similar tools that support
Independently of one's viewpoint about IoT and
IoTtechnologies, any non-trivial IoT system is
expected to comprise the following elements:
•Sensor: a device that converts a physical
parameter to an electrical output.
Sensors:light, temperature, humidity,sound,
distance, movement, position, orientation,
acceleration etc.
• Actuator: a device that converts an electrical
signal to a physical output.
Actuators: display things, make sound or light,
vibrate, rotate, and translate etc.
Transforming Data to Decisions

11. History/ Evolution of IOT
• The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in
1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT
• The term IoT was first coined by Kevin Ashton in1999.
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a
prerequisite for the IoT at that point.
• If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with
identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.
• Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved
through such technologies as near field communication(NFC),
barcodes, QR codes, bluetooth ect.

13. “THINGS” vs “People”
Current Status & FutureProspect ofIoT
“Change is the only thing permanent in thisworld”

14. Data andInformation

15. Data
Rawand unprocessed data obtained from IOTdevices
Information
Inferred/summarized from data by filtering, processing,
categorizing, condensing andcontextualizing
data
Knowledge
Inferred from information by structuring/organizing
information and is put into action to achieve specific
objectives.
From IOT point of view

16. IOT
Retail
Industry
LogisticsHome
Cities
Agriculture
nment
Energy
Health
&
Lifestyle
•Smart lighting
•SmartAppliances
•IntrusionDetection
•Smoke/Gas
Detection
•Smart Parking
•Smart Roads
•StructuralHealth
Monitoring
•EmergencyResponse
•WeatherMonitoring
•Air Polution Monitoring
Enviro
•Noise Polution
Monitoring
•Forest FireDetection
•Smart Grids
•RenewableEnergy
Systems
•Prognostics
•InventoryManagement
•Smart Payments
•Smart VendingMachines
•Route Generation &
Scheduling
•FleetTracking
•ShipmentMonitoring
•Remotevehicle
Diagnostics
•Smart
Irrigation
•Green
House
Control
•Machine
Diagnosis&
Prognosis
•IndoorAirQuality
Monitoring
•Health &Fitness
Monitoring
•Wearable Electronics

17. Dynamic & SelfAdapting
Characteristic1:
•Cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes when any motion
is detected and alert nearby cameras to do the same.
•loT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and
take actions based on their operating conditions, user's
context, or sensed environment.
Example: Consider a
surveillance system
comprising of a number
of surveillance an adapt
their modes (to normal
based
or infra-red night
on
it is day or
modes)
whether
night.

18. •IoT devices may have self-configuring
capability, allowing a large number of devices
to work together to provide certain
functionality (such as weather monitoring).
•These devices have the ability configure
themselves, setup the networking, and fetch
latest software upgrades with minimal
manual or user intervention.
Self-Configuring
Characteristic2:

19. Interoperable Communication Protocols
Interoperable: Technology systems and software
applications ability to communicate, exchange data,
and use the information that hasbeenexchanged
•loT devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other
devices and also with the infrastructure.
•We describe some of the commonly used communication
protocols and models in later sections.
Characteristic3:

20. •Each loT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (such as an IP address or a URI).
(URI) is astring of characters used to identify a resource.
•loT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt
based on the context, allow communicating with users
and the environmental contexts.
•IOT device interfaces allow users to query the devices,
monitor their status, and control them remotely.
Unique identity
Characteristic4:

21. IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that
allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices
and systems.
•IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe
themselves (and their characteristics) to other devices or user
applications.
Example: A weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring
capabilities to another connected node so that they can communicate
and exchange data.
•Integration into the information network helps in making loT systems
"Smart due to the collective intelligence of the individual devices in
collaboration with the infrastructure.
•Thus, the data from a large number of connected weather monitoring
IoT nodes can be aggregated and analyzed to predict the weather.
Integrated into Information Network
Characteristic5:

22. Connectivity
Memory
Interfaces
Processor
Graphics
I/O Interfaces
(for sensors,
actuators, ect.)
RJ45/Ethernet
USB Host
Audio/Video
Interface
HDMI
3.5mm audio
RCAVideo
CPU
CPU
Storage
Interface
SD
MMC
SDIO
CAN
I2C
SPI
UART
DDR1/DDR2/
DDR3
NAND/NOR

23. Communication Protocols
• Communication between electronic devicesis
like communication between humans.
• Both sides need to speakthe samelanguage.
• In electronics, these languages arecalled
communication protocols.
• Communication protocols are standardsthat
contains data exchange rules and format
between embedded systems
• UART• I2C• SPI• CAN

24. UART(UniversalAsynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter)
• UARTis not acommunication protocol like SPIand I2C,buta
physical circuitin microcontroller, or astand-aloneIC.
• It is acomputer hardware device for asynchronousserial
communication in which data format and transmission
speeds areconfigurable.
• UART’smain purpose is to transmit and receiveserialdata.
• One of the best things about UARTis that it only uses two
wires to transmit data between devices(There is one wire for
transmitting data, and one wire toreceive data. )
• Thetransmitting UARTconverts parallel data from a
controlling device like aCPUinto serial form, transmits it in
serial to the receiving UART,which then converts the serial
data back into parallel data for the receiving device.

25. Data
Transmission
• Acommon parameter is the baud rate known as"bps"
which stands for bits persecond.
• If atransmitter is configured with9600bps, then the
receiver must be listening on the other end at the
samespeed.
• UARTis aserial communication, sobits must travel on
asingle wire.
• If you wish to send a char (8-bits) over UART,the char is
enclosed within a start and a stop bit, so to send 8-bits
of char data, it would require 2-bit overhead;
• This 10-bit of information is called aUARTframe.

26. Why UART?
• A UART may be usedwhen
-High speed is notrequired
-An inexpensive communication linkbetween
two devices isrequired.
• UART communication is verycheap:
• Single wire for each direction(and groundwire).
• Simple hardware.
• In UART communication, two UARTs
communicate directly with eachother.

27. SPI
• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)is an interface bus
commonly used to send data betweenmicrocontrollers
and small peripherals such asshift registers, sensors,
and SDcards.
• Developed by Motorola to providefull-duplex
synchronous serial communication
• It usesseparate clock and data lines, along with a
select line to choose the device you wish to talk to.
• It is amaster – slavetype protocol thatprovides a
simple and low cost interface between a
microcontroller and its peripherals.

28. Inter-Integrated Circuit
I2Cor I2C(IIC)
• I2Ccombines the best features of SPIand
UARTs.With I2C,you canconnect multiple
slaves to a single master (like SPI)and youcan
havemultiple masters controlling single, or
multiple slaves.
• This is really useful when you want to have
more than one microcontroller logging datato
asingle memory card or displaying text to a
single LCD.

29. CA
N
• Controller Area Network bus
• It allows microcontroller and devicesto
communicate without ahost computer.
• It is atwo wired half duplex high speed serial
network technology.

30. HTTP
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Link layer
MQTT
CoAP
XAMP AMQPDDS
Web Sockets
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN
802.3- Ethernet
802.11 - WiFi 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
802.16 - WiMax
2G/3G/LTE-Cellular

31. Link
Layer
• Determines how data isphysically sent over
the network’s physicallayer.
-ex: copper wire, coaxial cable, radiowaves
• Scopeof LL:LocalN/W connections to which
host is connected.
• Data exchange-usinglink layerprotocols

32. Standard For Data Rate
IEEE802.3 Ethernet-
Coaxial cable
10MBps to 40GBpsIEEE802.3i Ethernet-
Twisted pair
IEEE802.3j Ethernet-Fiber
IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN 1MBps to 6.7GBps
IEEE802.16 WifiMax 1.5MBps to 1GBps
IEEE802.15.4 LRWPAN(Wireless
personal arean/w)
40kbps to 250kbps
2G-GSMandCDMA
3G-UMTSand CDMA2000
4G– LTE(Long term evolution)
Data Range: 9.6kbps to100Mbps
severaltransmitters cansendinformation simultaneously
over asingle communicationchannel
GSM=GlobalSystemfor Mobile Communications
time division multipleaccess
CDMA=Code-division multiple access
UMTS=UniversalMobile
Telecommunications System

33. Network
Layer
• Responsiblefor sending datagramsfrom
“Source N/W to DestinationN/W”
• Performs host addressing and packetrouting
• Datagram contains source and destination
address which is used for routing.
• Addressing schemes: IPv4 orIPv6

34. IPv4
• Most commonlyused
• Uses 32-bit addressscheme
• 232294967296 address
• These address got exhausted in 2011(dueto
increase in no. ofdevices)
• So moving toIPv6

35. IPv6
• Uses 128-bit addressscheme
• 2128addresses possible
340282366920938463463374607431768211456
6LoWPAN
• Low power Wireless PersonalAreaNetwork
which uses IPv6.
• Brings IP protocol to lowpower devices

36. Transport
layer
 Providesend-to-endmessagetransfer capability
independent of underlyingN/W
 Transfercapability isset up usingTCPorUDP
 TCP
•TransmissionControl
Protocol
• Connection Oriented
•Most widely usedby
-web browser
-Emailprograms
-FileTransfer(FTP)
•Provides
-Error detection
-Flow control capability
(ensures transmissionrate)
-Congestion controlcapability
UDP
•User DatagramProtocol
•Connectionlessstateless
•Useful for timesensitive
applications wheresmall
amount of data will be
exchanges
•Doesn’t provide
guaranteeddelivery
Requiresinitial setup
-connection is
established and
maintained untilapp
program at eachend
finishes exchangeof
message

37. Application
Layer
• App layer protocols defines how app interface with
lower layer protocols tosend the data over network.
• App data(in files) encoded and encapsulatedin
transport layer which provides connection or
transaction oriented communication overN/W.
• Port numbers are used for appaddressing
-port 80 for HTTP
-port 22 for SSHect
• App layer protocols enableprocess-to-process
(service) connections usingports

38. HTTP:Hypertext Transfer
Protocol
• -Foundation forWWW
• Includes commands GET,PUT,POST,DELETE
etc
• Protocol follows Request-ResponseModel
• HTTPprotocol usesURI to identify theHTTP
resources
Uniform ResourceIdentifier (URI) is astring of characters used to identifyaresource.
Client Server
Request
Http command
Browser
App
program
GET  List all resourcesin thecollection
PUT  Replaceentire collection with anothercollection
POST  Createanew resource
DELETE Delete entireresource

39. CoAP(ConstrainedApplicationProtocol)
• This is for M2M applications meant for
constrained environment with constrained
machines and networks (e.g., low-power,
lossy networks),
• UsesClient-Server architecture
• Clients cancommunicate with its serverusing
connectionless datagrams
• Supports GET,PUT,POST,Deletecommands

40. Websockets
• Thisprotocol allows full duplex communication oversingle
socket connection
• Based onTCP
MQTT(Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
• Light weight messaging protocol based on“Publish-Subscribe
Model”

41. Logical Designof
IoT
• Abstract representationof the entities and
processes without going into low level
specifications of theimplementations
1. IoT FunctionalBlocks
2. IoT CommunicationModels
3. IoT CommunicationAPI

42. IoTFunctional Blocks
An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks
that provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication, and management.

43. IoTFunctional Blocks
1. Device-Providessensing, actuation, monitoring andcontrol
functions
2. Communication- Handles communication for IoTSystem
3. Services-devicemonitoring ,device control services,data
publishing services
4. Management-Provides various functions to govern theIoT
system
5. Security-provides authentication, authorization, messageand
content integrity and datasecurity
6. Applications-It provides the interface for users to control and
monitor the system. It also allows users to view system status and
analyze the processed data

44. IOTCommunication Model
1. Request-Response
2.Publish-Subscribe
3.Push-Pull
4. Exclusive Pair

45. Request-Response

46. Publish-
Subscribe

47. Push-Pull
Consumer2
Consumer1
Send
messagesto
queues
Publishers
Queues
•Queues usethe buffer to avoid mismatch between data rate ofPublishers
and Subscribers.
•Publishers are not aware of consumers
Pull datafrom
queues

48. Exclusive
Pair
• Bidirectional and Fully duplex communication
Client Server
Request to setupthe
connection
Respondsaccepting
the request
Messagefrom client to
server
Messagefrom server
to client
Connectionclose
request
Connection close
response
•Statefull communication model: Server is aware of all theopen connections.