1.
‫عالج‬ ‫قنطار‬ ‫من‬ ‫خير‬ ‫وقاية‬ ‫درهم‬
”
Henry De Bracton, 1240

2.
‫المعدية‬ ‫األمراض‬
‫المعدية‬ ‫األمراض‬
:
‫مثل‬ ‫حية‬ ‫كائنات‬ ‫بها‬ ‫تتسبب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األمراض‬ ‫هي‬
:
‫البكتيريا‬
‫الفيروسات‬
‫الفطريات‬
‫الطفيليات‬
‫لألمراض‬ ‫مسببة‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫كل‬ ‫ليست‬
,
‫اإلنسان‬ ‫لصحة‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫بعضها‬
‫الهضمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫مثل‬
.

3.
‫البكتيريا‬
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&gbv=2&q=bacterial+cell&safe=active&biw=1276&bih=569&safe
=active

4.
tutorvista.com

5.
worldofbiology.wikispaces.com

6.
labrat.fieldofscience.com
‫البكتيريا‬ ‫تكاثر‬
wallpaper-download-free.com
‫البيئة‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫على‬ ‫تكاثرها‬ ‫ويعتمد‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫تتكاثر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫تستطيع‬
‫المتوسطة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫لذلك‬ ‫المالئمة‬
,
‫واألكسجين‬
/
‫ونسبة‬ ‫والرطوبة‬ ‫عدمه‬
‫الحموضة‬
.

7.
‫الفيروسات‬
•
‫ب‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫التكاثر‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الفيروسات‬
‫عكس‬
•
‫البكتيريا‬
.
•
‫قصيرة‬ ‫لمدة‬ ‫حية‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األجسام‬ ‫على‬ ‫العيش‬ ‫تستطيع‬
.

8.
http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/www.virology.net/Big_
Virology/BVRNApicorna.html
Hepatitis A Virus
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/fluvirus.html
Influenza Virus

9.
http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/images.htm

10.
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/viruses/download.html

11.
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/viruses/download.html
Coronavirus. Mouse hepatitis virus,
strain MHV-S/CDC. This virus, formerly
called "lethal intestinal virus of infant mice"
(LIVIM), is the etiologic agent of a lethal
enteritis, the most important disease of
infant laboratory mice [see Hierholzer JC,
Broderson JR, Murphy FA. New strain of
mouse hepatitis virus as the cause of lethal
enteritis in infant mice. Infect Immun. 1979
May;24(2):508-22.]. This is an ultra -- thin
section of the small intestine of an infant
mouse at two days post-infection when the
mouse was moribund. Virions have
accumulated upon the plasma membrane
of this intestinal epithelial cell as a result of
transport from sites of virion production in
the endoplasmic reticulum and exocytosis
via membrane fusion -- the virions then
stick to the outer surface of the cell.
Magnification approximately x40,000.
Micrograph from F. A. Murphy, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of
California, Davis.

12.
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/viruses/download.html
Human adenovirus 5. This
is an ultra-thin section of an
infected cell in a culture.
Adenoviruses replicate in the
nucleus of cells and as seen
here they may reach
extraordinary concentrations.
When isometric particles are
crowded together they form
six-fold, three-dimensional
arrays—when such arrays
are sectioned one sees
various planes of section
because the
pseudocrystalline array is not
perfect. Magnification:
approximately x80,000.
Micrograph from F. A.
Murphy, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of
California, Davis.

13.
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/growth.html
http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/fungalwe.htm#Top
‫الفطريات‬
.
‫أكثر‬ ‫تتحمل‬
‫البيئ‬ ‫الظروف‬
‫ية‬
‫القاسية‬
.

14.
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/protozoa/amoeba.ht
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related
‫الطفيليات‬
(
‫األميبا‬
)

15.
http://www.trichinella.org/bio_lifecycle.htm
‫الطفيلية‬ ‫الديدان‬

16.
http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/pages/graph1.html

17.
Figure 1. Leading causes of death worldwide. Nearly 15 million (>25%) of the 57 million annual deaths
worldwide are caused by infectious disease
Fauci AS, Touchette NA, Folkers GK. Emerging infectious diseases: a 10-year perspective from the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Apr [date cited]. Available
fromhttp://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-1167.htm

18.
http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/pages/graph26.html

19.
‫الذرة‬ ‫جزيئات‬
‫كبرى‬ ‫جزيئات‬
‫خلية‬
‫نسيج‬
‫عضو‬
‫جهاز‬
‫اإلنسان‬
‫الهضمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬
‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬
‫الجلد‬
‫التناسلي‬ ‫الجهاز‬
‫الجروح‬
‫العدوى‬ ‫إنتقال‬ ‫طرق‬

20.
‫المعدية‬ ‫األمراض‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫طرق‬
-
‫النظيف‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫الطعام‬
‫الهضمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬
-
‫األيدي‬ ‫نظافة‬
‫التنفسي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ -
‫واألنف‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫تغطية‬
-
‫العدوى؟؟؟‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫تفادي‬
‫التناسلي‬ ‫الجهاز‬
‫الجلد‬
‫الجروح‬
-
‫واألماكن‬ ‫األيدي‬ ‫نظافة‬
-
‫الجروح‬ ‫تعقيم‬
-
‫والحشرات‬ ‫الحيوانات‬
-
‫اللقاحات‬
/
‫الصحي‬ ‫الحجر‬
‫شفيق‬ ‫جود‬ ‫إعداد‬
2013