Jean Watson is considered the founder of contemporary caring theory in nursing. She grew up in West Virginia and earned degrees in nursing and psychology. Watson established the first Center for Human Caring and developed her theory of transpersonal caring, which emphasizes caring relationships and caring for the whole person - mind, body, and spirit. Her theory is based on 10 Caritas processes and 7 assumptions about caring science. Watson views nursing as applying an art and science of caring for a person's unity of mind, body, spirit, and environment to help achieve harmony and health.

1. JEAN WATSON
Philosophy and Science
of Caring /
Transpersonal Caring

2. Jean Watson

3. Margaret Jean Harman
Watson
She was born in Southern West
Virginia and grew up during the
1940s and 1950s in the small
town of Welch, West Virginia in
the Appalachian Mountains.

4.  She earned BS Nursing in 1964
at Boulder Campus at Colorado.
 MS in Psychiatric-Mental Health
Nursing in 1966 at the Health
Sciences Campus
 PhD in Educational Psychology
and Counseling in 1973 at the
Graduate School, Boulder
Campus

5.  1980s- established the Center for
Human Caring at the University of
Colorado
 Established a nonprofit organization –
Watson Caring Science Institute
(WCSI)
 Served as chairperson and assistant
dean of undergrad program at UC
 1978-1981- director of the PhD
program at UC

6.  Received numerous honors and
awards from national and international
universities and organizations
including honorary degrees (15),
leadership awards and honoraria for
her work and service.
 1988- Distinguished Nurse Scholar by
NYU..and many more awards…
 Authored 12 books, 9 shared
authorship books, published countless
articles in nursing and interdisciplinary
journal

7.  Watsons work has been called a
philosophy, blueprint, ethic, paradigm
worldview, conceptual model,
framework and theory.
 Attributes her emphasis on the
INTERPERSONAL AND
TRANSPERSONAL qualities of
CONGRUENCE, EMPATHY AND
WARMTH to Carl Rogers
THEORETICAL SOURCES

8. -nurses are not here to manipulate and
control others but rather to understand
was profoundly influential at a time when
CLINICALIZATION(therapeutic control
and manipulation of patient) was
considered a norm.
THEORETICAL SOURCES

9.  She describes a “transpersonal
caring relationship” as a
foundational to her theory.
 It is a special kind of human care
relationship- a union with another
person—high regard for the
whole person and their-being-in-
the world.
THEORETICAL SOURCES

10.  She describes a “transpersonal
caring relationship” as a
foundational to her theory.
 It is a special kind of human care
relationship- a union with another
person—high regard for the
whole person and their-being-in-
the world.
THEORETICAL SOURCES

11. Conceptualized the Human Caring
Model
Emphasized that nursing is the
application of an art and human
Science through transpersonal caring
transactions to help persons achieved
mind-body soul harmony, which
generates self knowledge, self control,
self care and self healing. She included
health promotion and treatment of
illness in Nursing.

12. Major Concepts
and
Definitions

13. Caring
 Nurturant way of responding to a
valued client towards whom the nurse
feels a personal sense of commitment
and responsibility.
 It is the nursing term representing the
factors nurses use to deliver
healthcare to patients.

14. Curing
Medical term referring to
elimination of disease

15. Philosophical
Foundation for the
Science of Caring
(Ten Carative
Factors/Ten Caritas
processes)

16.  Originally based her theory for nursing
practice on 10 carative factors and now
evolved into what we call 10 caritas
processes
 CARITAS CONSCIOUSNESS- an
awareness and intentionality that forms the
foundation of a caritas nurse
 essential care provided by nurses
Ten caritas processes

17. 1. Formation of Humanistic-
Altruistic System of Human
Values by practicing loving-
kindness, compassion, and
equanimity (calmness) with
self/other (embrace)
- satisfaction through giving and
extension of the sense of self and
increased understanding of the
impact of love and caring to self and
other. .

18. 2. Being authentically present;
enabling faith, hope, and belief
system; honoring subjective inner, life
world of self/others (INSPIRE)
-develop effective nurse-patient
interrelationship and helping patient
adopt health-seeking behaviors

19. 3. Being sensitive to Self and Others
by Cultivating own spiritual practices,
beyond ego-self to transpersonal
presence (TRUST)
- recognition of feelings leads to self-
actualization through self-acceptance for both
nurse and patient
- nurses become more genuine, authentic
and sensitive to others
-nurses –lifelong exploration of personal
values and belief system

20. 4. Development and Sustaining Loving, Trusting-
Caring Relationship (NURTURING)
-Promotes and accepts the expression of positive
and negative feelings.
-involves:
- CONGRUENCE -real, honest, genuine, authentic
-EMPATHY- understand the person’s perceptions
-NONPOSSESIVE WARMTH- moderate speaking
volume, relaxed open posture, congruent facial
expressions with other communication
-EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION- Cognitive,
affective and behavior response components

21. 5. Allowing for expression of positive and
negative feelings—listening authentically to
another person’s story (FORGIVE)
-sharing is risk taking experience
-nurse must recognize that intellectual and
emotional understandings of a situation differ

22. 6. Creative problem-solving- “Solution
Seeking” Through Caring process, full use
of Self and Artistry of Caring-Healing
practices via use of all ways of Knowing/
Being/ Doing/Becoming (DEEPEN)
-Use knowledge creatively in practicing caritas
nursing

23. 7. Engaging in transpersonal Teaching and
Learning within the context of caring
relationship, Staying within other’s frame
of reference (BALANCE)
- Allows patient to be informed and shifts the
responsibility of wellness and health to the
patient.

24. 8. Creating a Healing Environment at all
levels, A subtle environment for
energetic, authentic caring practice
-recognize the internal and external
envt of individual

25. 9. Reverentially assisting with basic
needs as sacred acts, sustaining
human dignity (MINISTER)
-must recognize the lower-order needs
and higher order needs.

26. 10. Opening and Attending to the
Spiritual, Mystery, Unknowns—
Allowing miracles (OPEN)
- most difficult to understand and can be
best understood through her own words.

27. Seven Assumptions about
the science of Caring

28. 1. Caring can be effectively
demonstrated and practiced only
interpersonally.
2. Caring consist of carative factors
that result in the satisfaction of
certain human needs.
3. Effective caring promotes health
and individual or family growth

29. 4. Caring Responses accept a person
not only as he/she is now but as
what he/she may become.
5. A caring environment offers the
development of potential while
allowing the person to choose the
best action for himself/herself at a
given time.

30. 6. Caring is more “healthogenic” than is
curing. The Practice of caring
integrates biophysical knowledge with
knowledge of human behavior to
generate or promote health and to
provide care to those who are ill. A
science of caring is therefore
complementary to the science of
curing.
7. The practice of caring is central to
nursing.

31. Conditions necessary for caring
 An awareness and knowledge about one’s
need for care
 An intention to act, and actions based on
knowledge
 A positive change as a result of caring,
judged solely on the basis of welfare of
others.
 An underlying value and moral commitment
to care and will to care.

32. Metaparadigm of
Nursing

33. Person
Human being refers to “a valued person
to be cared for, respected, nurtured,
understood, and assisted; in general a
philosophical view of a person as a fully
functional integrated self.
-she views the person as “a unity of
mind/body/spirit/nature”

34. Environment
NURSES ROLE: attending to
supportive, protective, and/or corrective
mental, physical, societal and spiritual
enviroments’
- The caring science is not only for sustaining
humanity but also for sustaining the planet
- Healing spaces can be used to help others
transcend illness, pain and suffering,
emphasizing the connection of person and
environment

35. Health
Refers to unity and harmony
within the mind, body and soul.
It is also associated with the
degree of congruence between
self as perceived and as
experienced.

36. Watson, in addition to WHO’s
definition, includes these three
elements:
• A high level of over all physical,
mental, and social functioning
• A general adaptive-maintenance
level of daily functioning
• The absence of illness

37. Nursing
“Human science of people and
human health-illness experiences
that are mediated/intervened by
professional, personal, scientific,
aesthetic, and ethical human care
transactions”

38. References
• Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of
Nursing: the Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
• Aligood, Martha Raile and Ann Marimer Tomey. Nursing Theorist and
their Work (fifth Ediation). Mosby Inc. 2004
• Fundamentals of Nursing (Udan)